Exam 1

Question 1

the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life-span

Answer 1

Development

Question 2

development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual

Answer 2

Lifespan Perspective

Question 3

years since birth

Answer 3

Chronological Age

Question 4

functional capacity of organs

Answer 4

Biological Age

Question 5

individual’s adaptive capability

Answer 5

Psychological Age

Question 6

connectedness with others

Answer 6

Social Age

Question 7

microsystem –> mesosystem –> exosystem –> macrosystem –> chronosystem

Answer 7

Bronfenbrenner’s Model

Question 8

social standing or class of an individual or group

Answer 8

Socioeconomic Status

Question 9

sperm and egg fuse together

Answer 9

Conception

Question 10

the egg buries itself in the uterine wall ~2 weeks after conception

Answer 10

Implantation

Question 11

name of the organism: zygote
duration: lasts between fertilization and implantation (~2 weeks)

Answer 11

Germinal Period

Question 12

cells that become the embryo

Answer 12

Blastocyst

Question 13

cells that support the embryo

Answer 13

Trophoblast

Question 14

grows from head to toe

Answer 14

Cephalocaudal

Question 15

grows from middle to extremities

Answer 15

Proximodistal

Question 16

name of organism: embryo
duration: weeks 3-8

Answer 16

Embryonic Period

Question 17

becomes respiratory and digestive system

Answer 17

Endoderm

Question 18

becomes circulatory, bone/muscle, execratory, reproductive systems

Answer 18

Mesoderm

Question 19

becomes nervous system, bones, skin

Answer 19

Ectoderm

Question 20

clear fluid allowing the embryo to float

Answer 20

Amniotic Sac

Question 21

connects baby to placenta

Answer 21

Umbilical Cord

Question 22

consists of mother and baby’s blood vessels

Answer 22

Placenta

Question 23

name of organism: fetus
duration: week 9-birth

Answer 23

Fetal Period

Question 24

0-13 weeks; morning sickness, frequent urination, miscarriages more common

Answer 24

1st trimester

Question 25

14-27 weeks; "golden period," renewed energy, back pain

Answer 25

2nd trimester

Question 26

27-40 weeks; growing fetus can cause shortness of breath, varicose veins, and/or hemorrhoids

Answer 26

3rd trimester

Question 27

sex of baby, organ development, and support systems checked by a doctor

Answer 27

Ultrasound

Question 28

amniotic fluid is removed via needle to determine genetic disorders, sex, or neural tube status

Answer 28

Amniocentesis

Question 29

catheter is inserted into the cervix to determine genetic disorders

Answer 29

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Question 30

an agent or condition that can impair prenatal development

Answer 30

Teratogen

Question 31

occurs when infants suddenly and unexpectedly die, most often in their sleep

Answer 31

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Question 32

baby sleeps in bed with parent(s)

Answer 32

Bed-Sharing

Question 33

baby sleeps in room with parent(s)

Answer 33

Co-Sleeping

Question 34

put child to bed and do not return until designated time next morning

Answer 34

Extinction

Question 35

parents delay responding to their crying infant at fixed or increasing intervals

Answer 35

Graduated Extinction

Question 36

infant's bedtime is shifted later to ensure sleepiness and then gradually moved earlier

Answer 36

Bedtime Fading

Question 37

infant's responses to their own bodies

Answer 37

Primary Circular Reactions

Question 38

simple reflexes (birth-1 month) e.g., sucking, grasping, staring

Answer 38

Stage 1

Question 39

acquired adaptations (1-4 months) e.g., sucking a pacifier differently than a nipple

Answer 39

Stage 2

Question 40

infant's response to objects and people

Answer 40

Secondary Circular Reactions

Question 41

responding to people and objects (4-8 months) e.g., repeat actions based on their consequences

Answer 41

Stage 3

Question 42

becoming more deliberate in responding to people and objects (8-12 months)

Answer 42

Stage 4

Question 43

creativity with actions and ideas

Answer 43

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Question 44

experimenting with new actions (12-18 months) e.g., language or other means of communication

Answer 44

Stage 5

Question 45

baby finds new ways to achieve goals without using trial and error (18-24 months)

Answer 45

Stage 6

Question 46

understanding that things continue to exist when you cannot see them

Answer 46

Object Permanence

Question 47

shows infants expected and unexpected events and see how long they look at each one

Answer 47

Violation of Expectation Paradigm

Question 48

basic units of sound in a language

Answer 48

Phoneme

Question 49

children assume that a novel word refers to the entire object we are paying attention to, rather than about a part or a quality of the object

Answer 49

Whole Object Constraint

Question 50

children learn about 10-20 new words each week (~15-20 months)

Answer 50

Language Explosion

Question 51

new words are learned based only on minimal exposure

Answer 51

Fast Mapping

Question 52

use a word to refer to more than its intended referent

Answer 52

Over-Extension

Question 53

use a word to refer to less than its intended referent

Answer 53

Under-Extension

Question 54

the ability to use background knowledge and context to understand language

Answer 54

Pragmatics

Question 55

seeking info about how to react to an unfamiliar/ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions/reactions

Answer 55

Social Referencing

Question 56

processes used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions

Answer 56

Emotion Regulation

Question 57

caregiver provides comfort or distraction for baby

Answer 57

Co-Regulation

Question 58

individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation

Answer 58

Temperament

Question 59

easy-going and spontaneously approach new people, objects, and situations

Answer 59

Low Reactive/Easy Babies

Question 60

very fearful or avoidant in unfamiliar situations and shy with strangers

Answer 60

High Reactive/Difficult Babies

Question 61

mix of both temperaments, less consistent traits

Answer 61

Middle Reactive/Slow to Warm Up Babies

Question 62

infants must learn to trust someone who can help them navigate their environment (infant-18 months)

Answer 62

Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 63

an "affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver

Answer 63

Attachment

Question 64

parent is a secure base, child will explore novel places

Answer 64

Secure Attatchment

Question 65

avoids connection with parent, gives parent cold shoulder after coming back

Answer 65

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

Question 66

both resists and seeks caregiver, wary of new places and people

Answer 66

Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment

Question 67

inconsistent reactions to caregiver's departure/return

Answer 67

Disorganized Attachment

Question 68

our attachment style teaches us how all other relationships in our life should work

Answer 68

Internal Model of Attachment