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Biopsychology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

PET scan

A

detects brain activity using radioactive glucose injected into bloodstream and gamma rays

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2
Q

CAT scan

A

detects brain structure using injected dye and x-rays. helps detects tumors/abnormalities. faster than MRI

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3
Q

MRI scan

A

detects brain structure by equalizing hydrogen atoms and removing magnetic field, measuring the released energy. helps detect swelling/tumors

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4
Q

fMRI scan

A

detects brain activity by recording hemoglobin with and without oxygen & removing a magnetic field. requires 2 tasks. cheaper/less risky than PET

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5
Q

optogenetics

A

uses lights, turns neurons on/off. best spatial/temporal resolution

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6
Q

pharmacological manipulation

A

inserts antagonists or agonists to receptors of interest (chemical stimulation)

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7
Q

gene knockouts

A

directs a mutation to a gene that regulates one type of cell/transmitter/receptor

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8
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

see activated cells with novel stimuli, involves staining cells and looking at proteins

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9
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

location of nucleus/nuclei

A

CNS

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11
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside of brain and spinal cord; motor and sensory

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12
Q

location of ganglion/ganglia

A

PNS

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13
Q

somatic nervous system

A

(motor PNS) voluntary muscle control

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14
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

(motor PNS) involuntary muscle control

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15
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

(ANS) fight or flight; expends energy

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16
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

(ANS) rest and digest; conserves energy

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17
Q

spinal cord regions in order

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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18
Q

white matter

A

axons

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19
Q

gray matter

A

dendrites/soma/cell bodies

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20
Q

ventral roots of spinal cord

A

motor control; efferent from brain

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21
Q

dorsal roots of spinal cord

A

sensory control; afferent to spinal cord

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22
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain; cerebral cortex; diencephalon, telencephalon

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23
Q

cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobes (gray matter)
conscious thought

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24
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
prefrontal cortex (PFC)
movement, working memory, cognitive control, emotional reactions, judgment

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25
parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex; touch, pain, vibrations, pressure, temperature 4 cell layers for touch
26
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex (the visual experience)
27
temporal lobes
primary auditory cortex movement perception, facial recognition, emotional/motivational behaviors Damage = Receptive Aphasia (hallucinations)
28
limbic system
olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus
29
diencephalon
in prosencephalon thalamus hypothalamus
30
thalamus
in diencephalon processes all sensory info minus olfactory sends info to cortex
31
hypothalamus
ventral to thalamus convey messages to pituitary gland motivational behaviors reproductive behaviors
32
telencephalon
in prosencephalon basal ganglia basal forebrain/nucleus basalis amygdala hippocampus
33
basal ganglia
in telencephalon learned skills/habits/movement damage = Parkinson's and Huntington's
34
basal forebrain/nucleus basalis
in telencephalon arousal/wakefulness/attention releases acetylcholine input from hypothalamus & basal ganglia Damage = Parkinson's and Alzheimer's
35
amygdala
emotion, fear/anger relay for olfactory info
36
hippocampus
in telencephalon spatial/event (explicit) memory Damage = Amnesia
37
mesencephalon
midbrain; brain stem; tectum, colliculus, tegmentum, substantial nigra
38
brain stem
mesencephalon and rhombencephalon EXCLUDES cerebellum
39
tectum
in mesencephalon roof
40
colliculus
in mesencephalon superior=vision inferior=sensory processing (mainly auditory?)
41
tegmentum
in mesencephalon floor, reticular formation(?)
42
substantia nigra
in mesencephalon dopamine neurons neuromelanin
43
rhombencephalon
hindbrain; brain stem; pons, medulla, cerebellum
44
pons
in rhombencephalon bridge: brain and spinal cord reticular formation cranial nerve reflexes
45
medulla
in rhombencephalon extended spinal cord
46
cerebellum
in rhombencephalon NOT BRAIN STEM muscle memory/balance (implicit memory) Damage = impaired balance
47
ventricles
there are 4 provide buoyancy and protection 4th has cerebral spinal fluid
48
major gyri
precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus cingulate gyrus superior temporal gyrus
49
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
50
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
51
cingulate gyrus
above corpus collosum emotion/behavior regulation
52
superior temporal gyrus
auditory association cortex also: site of multi sensory integration
53
neuron function
receive/transmit info electro/neurochemical signals varied shapes/sizes motor & sensory
54
motor neurons
soma in spinal cord efferent from nervous system
55
sensory neurons
specialized for certain stimuli afferent to nervous system efferent from sensory organ
56
glia cells
short distance info more numerous in cortex smaller than neurons
57
dendrites
extend toward periphery dendritic spines apical basal
58
dendritic spines
increase surface area for synapses low density = Schizophrenia
59
apical dendrites
receive farther info
60
basal dendrites
receives more local info
61
axon
constant diameter axon hillock presynaptic terminals myelin sheath
62
myelin sheath
insulated covering nodes of ranvier (ran vee ay) inbtwn
63
efferent
brings info AWAY from structure (E for Exit)
64
afferent
brings info TO structure
65
multipolar neurons
most neurons are this have 2+ processes from soma
66
bipolar neurons
2 processes extending from cell body
67
unipolar neurons
1 process extending from cell body
68
interneuron
dendrites & axon entirely contained in single structure info is conveyed only to immediate adjacent neurons
69
astrocyte
type of glial cell star shape synchronizes neuron activity (rhythms)
70
radial glia
type of glial cell developmental astrocyte
71
microglia cells
type of glial cell part of immune system removes waste/virus/fungi/etc
72
ependymal cells
type of glial cell choroid plexus (network of blood vessels in brain ventricles)
73
oligodendrocyte
type of glial cell produces myelin in CNS (*C*yte for *C*entral)
74
Schwann cells
type of glial cell produces myelin in PNS
75
electrical gradient
-70mV in and out of cell
76
concentration gradient
sodium-potassium pump exists along axon 3 Na+ in, 2 K+ out
77
sodium-potassium pump
3 Na+ in 2 K+ out
78
resting potential
Na+ channels closed, more sodium in extracellular space K+ channels open, more potassium in intracellular
79
all-or-none law
MUST reach threshold of excitation under threshold = no action potential all action potentials = same strength
80
action potential steps
1. stimulus opens Na-K channels 2. influx of Na+ = depolarization 3. peak of AP = Na+ channels close 4. K+ stay open = hyperpolarization 5. all gates close -> resting
81
thoracic & lumbar (SC)
sympathetic (middle of body = important organs = fight or flight)
82
cranial nerves & sacral (SC)
parasympathetic (sacral = guts = digestion = rest & digestion)
83
refractory periods
absolute: no AP, all Na+ closed relative: strong stimuli can make AP, lasts thru hyperpolarization
84
propagation of AP
the giving birth of new AP at each node along axon
85
saltatory conduction
the triggering of AP from one node to next
86
conductance velocity
thicker myelin sheath means faster AP
87
multiple sclerosis
destroyed neurons, no myelin muscle weakness/spasms, pain, cognitive impairments
88
Korsakof's syndrome
associated with alcoholism memory disorder
89
schizophrenia
lower dendritic spine density
90
reflex arc
uses synaptic transmission slower than conduction along axon one set of muscles excited & others relaxed need multiple stimuli near e/o for strong reflex
91
temporal summation
quick sequence of stimuli needed to excite neuron (often works with spatial)
92
spatial summation
stimulate multiple areas around each all stimulations convey on a single neuron (often works with temporal)
93
EPSP
graded depolarization
94
IPSP
temporary hyperpolarization K+ gates open to let out K+ or let in Cl-
95
acetylcholine
made from metabolism acetyl Coenzyme A choline acetylcholine
96
epinephrine
made from diet phenylalanine tyrosine dopa dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine
97
serotonin
made from diet tryptophan 5-hydroxytryptophan serotonin
98
agonist
creates a certain action NEUROTRANSMITTERS (endogenous)
99
antagonist
blocks a certain action DRUGS (exogenous)
100
endogenous ligands
naturally occurring NEUROTRANSMITTERS
101
exogenous ligands
resembles endogenous ligands not naturally occurring DRUGS/TOXINS
102
presynaptic events
transmitter production transmitter release transmitter clearance
103
postsynaptic events
transmitter receptor cellular processes gene expression

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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