Exam 1

Question 1

What are the three elements of EBP?

Answer 1

Clinical Expertise, Client Perspective, and Evidence

Question 2

What is the process of EBP?

Answer 2

Frame clinical question, Gather evidence, Assess the evidence, and Make your clinical decision

Question 3

What does PICO stand for?

Answer 3

P stands for population/problem. I stands for intervention/issue C, stands for comparison/control. O stands for outcome.

Question 4

Is cognitive rehabilitation and effective treatment for improving cognitive-communication and adults with TBI? What’s the PICO?

Answer 4

P: Adults with TBI
I: Cognitvie Rehab
C: no treatment
O: improved cognitive communication

Question 5

For children with severe to profound hearing loss, what is the effect of cochlear implants compared with hearing aids on speech and language development? What is the PICO?

Answer 5

P: children with severe to profound hearing loss
I: cochlear implant
C: hearing aids
O: speech and language development

Question 6

Are acceptable noise levels different in adult cochlear implant users, and an adult listeners with normal hearing? What is the PICO?

Answer 6

P: adults
I: cochlear implant
C: normal hearing
O: acceptable noise levels

Question 7

No theory (no prior knowledge) is driving the investigation (empiricism)

Answer 7

Inductive

Question 8

A great deal of prior knowledge frames the investigation (rationalism)

Answer 8

Deductive

Question 9

Tightly controlled research conducted for the sake of knowledge, and does not solve problems, develop treatments, or consider human needs (animal research)

Answer 9

Basic Research

Question 10

Conducted to address problems, inherent in the human condition (or other issues within the physical)

Answer 10

Applied Research

Question 11

A collection of hypotheses that together explain and make predictions about a phenomenon or behavior

Answer 11

Scientific theory

Question 12

A physical mathematical, or computational representation of a theory which produces results or behavior that can be compared to real world data

Answer 12

Scientific model 

Question 13

Group, differences, developmental, trends, or relationships among factors through the use of objective measurements

Answer 13

Descriptive research

Question 14

Causation through observation of the consequent affects of manipulating certain events or characteristics under controlled conditions

Answer 14

Experimental Research

Question 15

Presents topic in general way, background for the reader, definitions or description of processes, addresses issues of terminology

Answer 15

General statement of the problem

Question 16

Lays out the justification for the study in question. Consist of the proposition and premises. Supported with evidence.

Answer 16

Rationale

Question 17

Existing data or information suggests an outcome. Generalizes from existing information.

Answer 17

Argument by induction

Question 18

Basing premise on something similar, and making hypotheses

Answer 18

Argument by analogy

Question 19

Based on observation by author - not sufficient alone

Answer 19

Argument by example/anecdotal

Question 20

Knowledge conveyed via recognized expert (may or may not have data)

Answer 20

Argument by authority

Question 21

Theory in the area suggest a certain pattern, which may be supported by data. Proposition must follow from the premises.

Answer 21

Argument by deduction

Question 22

Assumption made not relying on logic (emotion, fashion, etc.)

Answer 22

Fallacies of reason

Question 23

Use of evidence that is not really relevant to the specific question. False dilemma. Masking weakness with extra facts that are not really related to the main point.

Answer 23

Fallacies of distraction

Question 24

False promises based on an adequate data or misinterpreting or purposely ignoring evidence, not in line with desired outcome

Answer 24

Fallacies of induction

Question 25

Addresses the specific questions to be answered in the study

Answer 25

Statement of purpose

Question 26

Portion and to which the rationale, statement of purpose, and specific purpose may be woven. Place is the problem in perspective — addresses previous research on the topic.

Answer 26

Review of the Literature

Question 27

What hypotheses is based on what is known?

Answer 27

Working hypothesis (tentative)

Question 28

What hypothesis is based on theory and rational thought?

Answer 28

Research hypothesis (STRONGEST)

Question 29

What hypotheses is alternative to working or research hypothesis?

Answer 29

Null hypothesis (WEAKEST)

Question 30

Putting the human description before the disorder. EX, children with phonological disorders; adults who stutter, etc.

Answer 30

Person-first language

Question 31

First place the information appears in print

Answer 31

Primary

Question 32

Purpose is to summarize, critique, explain, or interpret primary sources for a more general audience. Should site all sources.

Answer 32

Secondary

Question 33

Surface level overview of a subject. Least useful for EBP purposes.

Answer 33

Tertiary

Question 34

Measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year

Answer 34

Impact factor

Question 35

The specific research question posed in an article or ask by clinician in EBP in the form of a PICO question.

Answer 35

Foreground question

Question 36

Asked/provides more general information about a topic, population, issue, etc.

Answer 36

Background question

Question 37

Look to see what is happening

Answer 37

Descriptive

Question 38

Change something and see what happens

Answer 38

Experimental

Question 39

Part descriptive, part experimental

Answer 39

Combined

Question 40

Often seen as the cause of a change may be a condition associated with a given group

Answer 40

Independent Variable

Question 41

Often seen as the outcome of manipulation of independent variables

Answer 41

Dependent Variable

Question 42

Effects of two values of one IV on DV (two levels)

Answer 42

Bivalent Experiments

Question 43

Effects of several values of IV on DV

Answer 43

Multivalent Experiments

Question 44

Simultaneous effects of more than 1 IV on DV (more than one independent)

Answer 44

Parametric Experiments

Question 45

Investigate physiological development of speech breathing in infants; language comp in preadolescents, adolescents, young adults

Answer 45

Developmental

Question 46

Compare the acoustic characteristics of phonation and intonation produced by speakers with Down Syndrome

Answer 46

Comparative

Question 47

Overall effect of a given independent variable

Answer 47

Main Effect

Question 48

Effect of one independent variable separated by the levels of the other independent variable (two way)

Answer 48

Interaction

Question 49

Does not typically generate numerical data; orientated towards understanding the human experience

Answer 49

Qualitative Research

Question 50

Gathering of information by describing behavior as “comprehensively and accurately as possible” (3 main types)

Answer 50

Observational Research

Question 51

Participants does not know observation is happening

Answer 51

Covert

Question 52

Researcher is present, so participant knows about observation, but researcher doesn’t directly interact

Answer 52

Overt

Question 53

Researcher interacts directly with the participant; may ask questions

Answer 53

Participatory

Question 54

Involves face to face interaction and is a form of participatory observation

Answer 54

Interview Research

Question 55

Uses storytelling, or personal narratives to describe condition in a naturalistic way

Answer 55

Narrative Research

Question 56

Study gathers data in depth on a particular individual or small number of individuals

Answer 56

Case study research

Question 57

Both quantitative and qualitative methodology; ask more open-ended questions (qualitatively), in order to determine what variables to focus on in a quantitative study

Answer 57

Mixed-methods research

Question 58

The “average”

Answer 58

Mean

Question 59

Variation there is from the average

Answer 59

Standard deviation

Question 60

Appears most often in the data set

Answer 60

Mode

Question 61

The meddle number in the set of ordered data points

Answer 61

Median