Exam #1 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What is the endocrine system?
A
The releasing of hormones that act on a specific site
2
Q
What releases hormones?
A
Glands
3
Q
What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland?
A
Exocrine glands secret hormones to be used nearby where as endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood that will be used somewhere in the body
4
Q
What is a half life?
A
Length of time needed for half of the drug or chemical to be degraded by half
5
Q
How long does a lipid based hormone last?
A
Hours to days
6
Q
How long does a protein based hormone last?
A
Minutes
7
Q
What type of hormone last the longest in the body lipid based or protein based?
A
Lipid based
8
Q
Where do hormones attach on cells?
A
On a specific receptor site that fits a certain hormone like a key
9
Q
What is conjugation of a hormone mean?
A
This occurs when a plasma protein is bonded to a hormone to increase half life
10
Q
What is a beta blocker?
A
A beta blocker is drug that attaches to a receptor that prevents drugs/hormones from binding to the receptor site
11
Q
What are hormone receptors made of ?
A
Proteins
12
Q
What do we look at to distinguish different types of receptors?
A
Hormones they recognize,
Their method of information transfer after the hormone is bound to the cell
Location within the cell
13
Q
What are some characteristics of a hormone that binds to the surface of a cell?
A
Known as secondary messengers
Includes almost all of protein or amino acid hormones
The hormone binds to a membrane protein
Short acting hormones….seconds to minutes
14
Q
What are some characteristics of a steroid that binds inside of the cytoplasm?
A
Hormones enter the plasma membrane and bind to the receptor
Relatively long acting hormones…hours to days
15
Q
What are some characteristics of thyroid hormones that bind to nucleus receptors?
A
T3 and T4 hormones
Enters the nucleus and binds to that receptor
Complex association with DNA and transcription
16
Q
What are prostaglandins? ???????
A
A hormone like substance used by the body to ……..
17
Q
What is the hypothalamus?
A
The endocrine systems link to the nervous system
18
Q
Where is the hypothalamus located?
A
Located at the base of the brain below the thalamus but above the pituitary gland
19
Q
What does the hypothalamus do?
A
Regulates homeostasis by controlling growth, emotions, salt and water balance, sleep, weight, and appetite
20
Q
Where is the pituitary gland?
A
The gland that is directly connected to the hypothalamus
21
Q
What type of connection does the posterior pituitary gland have to the hypothalamus?
A
Neural connection
22
Q
What type of connection does the anterior pituitary gland have to the hypothalamus?
A
Blood connection
23
Q
What are the hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland?
A
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
24
Q
What does antidiuretic hormone do?
A
Promote water retention by the kidneys
25
What does oxytocin do?
Proteomes uterine contractions during the delivery of a baby
Sustains uterine contractions after birth
Promotes lactation, social bonding, and sexual arousal
26
What are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone/ Somatotropin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocotrotropic hormone
Prolactin
Luteinizing Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Lipotropins
Beta Endorphins
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
27
What does growth hormone do for the body?
Causes uptake of protein and breakdown of fat
Promotes bone and cartilage growth
Released if blood sugar is too low
Released during times of stress
28
What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?
Causes release of thyroid hormones
Promotes growth and development of thyroid
29
What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone do?
Stimulates cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex
Increases skin pigmentation
30
What does prolactin do?
- target tissue is mammary gland and ovaries
- leads to milk production in women (male fxn. ukn.)
- stimulated by nursing, high estrogen levels or low levels of estrogen & progesterone (low levels of both would occur following delivery)
- inhibited by progesterone or a combination of high estrogen & progesterone levels
31
What does Luteinizing hormone do?
target tissue: ovary in females, testes in males
- females: ovulation and progesterone production
- males: testosterone production & support sperm production
32
What does Follicle-stimulating hormone do?
- target: follicles in ovary for women; seminiferous tubes (within the testes) in men
- females: follicle maturation, estrogen secretion
- males: spermatogenesis in testes
33
What are lipotropins?
Targets fat tissues to break them down
34
What are beta endorphins?
Targets the brain and other places
Helps with pain relief in the brain
35
What does melanocyte stimulating hormone do?
Results in increased melanin production
36
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Located on top of the trachea below the larynx
37
What compound is most important for thyroid hormones
Iodide
38
What are the two hormones produced by the thyroid?
T 3/4 and Calcitonin
39
What do T3 and T4 do?
Control metabolism and organ maturation and helps regulate blood calcium levels
40
What does calcitonin do?
Decreases brown break down by osteoclasts and prevents large increases in blood calcium
41
What releases calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells
42
What do osteoclasts do?
They break down bone and release calcium into the blood
43
What do osteoblasts do?
They build up bone and pull calcium from the blood
44
What happens to the heart if there is too much calcium?
The heart goes into tetinay
45
What is goiter?
An iodine deficiency and is visible from enlargement of the thyroid
46
Where is the parathyroid found?
There are 4 parts on the backside of the thyroid on the corners
47
What hormone is secreted from the parathyroid?
Parathyroid hormone
48
What does parathyroid hormone do?
It is releases when blood calcium levels are low
It stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone to release calcium In the blood
49
When would your body want to release calcitonin?
When calcium levels in the blood are at the perfect level
50
When would your body want to release parathyroid hormone?
When you do not have enough calcium in the blood
51
Does calcitonin encourage osteoclasts to work harder or to slow down?
Slow down
52
Does parathyroid hormone increase osteoclasts activity or decrease?
Increase
53
What does the pancreas do in relation to the endocrine system?
Helps regulate blood sugar levels in the blood
54
What hormones does the pancreas release?
Glucagon, somatastatin, and insulin
55
What does glucagon hormone do?
Released when you blood sugar is too low
It increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and fats
Increases the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
56
What percentage of islets are made of glucagon?
20% - 25%
57
What does the hormone somatostatin do?
Inhibits glucagons and insulin release
58
What cells release Glucagon?
A cells
59
What percentage of islets are made of somatostatin?
5%
60
What does the hormone insulin do?
Increases conversion of to glycogen in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
61
When does the body release insulin?
When blood sugars are too high
62
What percentage of islets does insulin make up?
65% to 75%
63
What type of cells release somatostatin?
D cells
64
What type of cells release insulin?
B cells
65
What is the purpose of the islets?
They release glucagon and insulin
66
Where does glucagon move sugar to and from?
Glucagon moves sugar from the cell to the blood
67
Where does insulin move sugar to and form
Insulin moves sugar from blood to the cell
68
What percentage of the pancreas is endocrine?
2%
69
What percentage of the pancreas is exocrine?
98%
70
What does the pancrease do?
71
What is the duodenum?
72
What is diabetes mellitis?
Insufficient insulin production
73
Why is diabetes mellitus bad?
Because you can get too much sugar in your blood and not enough in the cell
74
What type of diabetes is inherited?
Type 1
75
What type of diabetes is set in adult hood?
Type 2 and the number of people diagnosed is increasing
76
where are the adrenal glands?
Located on top of the kidneys
77
What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?
Cortex and medulla
78
What does the medulla hormones prepare you for?
Prepares the body for physical activity
79
What does the cortex hormones prepare you for?
Released for stress, injury, emotions,
80
What are the medulla hormones?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
81
What type of response is epinephrine ?
This is your fight response
82
What kind of response is nor epinephrine?
Flight
83
What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do to your body?
Increases heart rate, respiration, pupil size, and helps blood flow to muscles
84
What are your androgenic receptors?
Alpha and beta
85
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Things that your body does without you thinking about it
86
What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
87
What does the parasympathetic do?
Does the opposite of the sympathetic
Calms you down
88
what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex?
Mineralcorticoids
Glucorticoids
Androgens
89
what does mineralcorticoids do?
Lipid based and cause water retention
90
What do glucorticoids do?
Reduce inflammation
Increase fat and protein breakdown
Increases glucose breakdown
91
What do androgens do?
In females it controls arm pit hair growth and sex drive
In males this hormones is overshadowed by testosterone
92
What hormone does the thymus release?
Thymosin
93
What does thymosin do?
Involved in maturation of T cells
94
what do T cells do?
A type of white blood cell that fights off infections
95
Where is the pineal gland?
Located in the mid brain
96
what hormones does the pineal gland have?
Melatonin
Serotonin
Adrneglomerulotropin
97
What does melatonin do?
Helps regulate menstrual cycle
98
What does serotonin do?
Essential to brain function
Helps mood, sleep, digestion, sexual desire
99
What does adrenoglomerulotropin do?
Stimulates the production of aldosterone
100
What are the reproductive organs?
Testes, ovaries, and placenta
101
What do the testes produce?
Testosterone
102
What is the purpose of testosterone
Develops male sex organs, helps make sperm, increases protein synthesis, hair growth, enlarged larynx
103
What is the purpose of the ovaries?
Produces estrogen and progestorone
104
What hormones does the placenta make?
Estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin
105
What are the functions of blood?
Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, immune cells, enzymes and CO2 away from tissues
Regulates temp, pH, fluid, and electrolytes
Coagulates to prevent fluid loss
106
What are the three major components of blood?
Plasma, Buffy coat, and hematocrit
107
What is in the plasma?
Water, proteins, nutrient, hormones
108
What is in the Buffy coat?
White blood cells and platelets
109
What is in the hematocrit?
Red blood cells
110
If you blood is spin fast what are the layers of the blood from top to bottom?
Plasma, Buffy Coat, and Hematocrit
111
What percentage of a sample of blood is hematocrit?
About 45% could be more or less depending on sex
112
If you are dehydrate what portion of your blood goes down?
Plasma
113
In a blood sample from a dehydrated person what portion of blood would be up and what would be down?
Hematocrit/RBC would be up and plasma would be down
114
If someone is anemic what does their blood panel look like?
They would have elevated plasma level and decrease Hematocrit/ RBC count
115
What percentage of Plasma is water?
92%
116
What electrolytes are found in Plasma
Sodium or Na
Calcium or Ca
Potassium or K
Chlorine or Cl
117
What part if blood is albumin found?
In the plasma
118
What does albumin do?
Helps move small molecules through the blood like bilirubin, calcium, progesterone, and meds
It also keeps blood from leaking to other tissues by maintaining osmotic pressure
119
Does albumin help with clotting?
Yes
120
How do plasma proteins keep blood slightly alkaline?
By binding excess hydrogen in the blood
121
What are the plasma proteins?
Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
122
What does fibrinogen do?
AIDS in blood clotting
123
What are platelets made of ?
Cell fragments of megakaryocytes
124
Why are platelets formed?
To seal small holes and clot cuts
125
What initiates clotting
The release of thromboplasting
126
What is hemorrhaging ?
Bleeding
127
What carries bilirubin to the liver?
Albumin
128
What happens to the bilirunin once it is in the liver?
A protein is attached by UGT
129
What is a bilirubin called with a protein attached?
Conjugated bilirubin
130
Where is conjugated bilirubin sent?
To the small intestine
131
What are the functions of hematocrit/RBC?
To carry oxygen/carbon dioxide and maintain blood pH
132
What color is oxygenated blood?
Red
133
What color is deoxygenated blood?
Blue
134
What is hematopoiesis?
The production of RBC in the bone marrow
135
At what age is your hemoglobin for effective for binding oxygen?
When you are a baby in the womb
136
What are arteries ?
Vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
137
What is the one artery that does not carry oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
138
What are capillaries ?
This is where gas exchange occurs because they are very thin
139
What are veins?
Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
140
What vein is an exception to the vein rule?
Pulmonary veins because they carry oxygen rich blood from lungs to the heart
