Exam 1

Question 1

population

Answer 1

A population is the total number of individuals of a given biological species found in a set area at one time.

Question 2

wildlife

Answer 2

all non-human and non-domesticated animals.

Question 3

wildlife management

Answer 3

not predominantly about hunting and trapping. income and expenditures of state agencies are focused inordinately on game species.

Question 4

population momentum

Answer 4

when a population’s fertility rate declines but continues to grow due to the population’s age structure.

Question 5

vital statistics

Answer 5

which age classes are most important for reproductive success.

Question 6

population parameters

Answer 6

quantity of interest for a population in a given area and time.

Question 7

cornerstones for proper sampling design

Answer 7

1) randomization
2) replication
3) control

Question 8

what affects statistical power

Answer 8

1) change the alpha value
2) effect size
3) variance
4) sample size

Question 9

methodology of a field study

Answer 9

1) control site
2) blind study
3) survey control
4) paired sampling

Question 10

p-value

Answer 10

probability of falsely rejecting a true null.

Question 11

index

Answer 11

a raw count of animals or their signs

Question 12

naked p-value

Answer 12

gives us statistical significance without giving us any other statistical information.

Question 13

pseudoreplication

Answer 13

Pseudoreplication occurs when the number of measured values or data points exceeds the number of genuine replicates.

Question 14

Lincoln-Peterson index

Answer 14

The assumption behind mark-recapture methods is that the proportion of marked individuals recaptured in the second sample represents the proportion of marked individuals in the population as a whole.

Question 15

ψ=

Answer 15

probability of occupancy. an a priori expectation that a particular site will be occupied by a species as determined by some underlying process.

Question 16

natality

Answer 16

litter size

Question 17

fecundity

Answer 17

the average number of offspring born per individual of a certain age class.

Question 18

sex allocation theory

Answer 18

although natural selection should favor a 50:50 sex ratio, its often not the case.

Question 19

3 key assumptions of lincoln-Peterson

Answer 19

• the population is closed
• marks are not lost
• all specimens are equally likely to be captured

Question 20

two things that determine population closure

Answer 20

• demographic closure
• geographical closure

Question 21

the two components that make up total variance

Answer 21

• process variance
• sampling variance

Question 22

methods to estimate survival rate

Answer 22

• life table
• fate methods
• band return
• capture-recapture

Question 23

first bag limits in North America

Answer 23

Iowa, 25 prairie chickens/ day

Question 24

what ΔAIC value indicates a meaningful difference

Answer 24

≥2

Question 25

what is the rule of thumb for an electronic tracker weight on an animal

Answer 25

does not exceed 5% of the body mass of the animal with the tracker.

Question 26

what assumption must be met to use a life table approach?

Answer 26

horizontal, vertical, and detection probabilities must all be equal.

Question 27

parameter

Answer 27

quantities of the population for a given area and time.

Question 28

controlled conditions

Answer 28

making sure that the desired conditions are met.

Question 29

control site or control treatment

Answer 29

the consistent lack of a treatment

Question 30

precision

Answer 30

refers to the amount of scatter or the repeatability of the estimates when made many times.

Question 31

accuracy

Answer 31

how well the estimated mean corresponds to the true mean.

Question 32

process variation

Answer 32

a genuine biological variance that arises because conditions like temperature, disease, and moisture vary.

Question 33

spatial process variation

Answer 33

arises from differences in species interactions and habitat quality across the landscape like aspect, slope, or precipitation.

Question 34

temporal process variation

Answer 34

variation often caused by weather and interactions with other species.

Question 35

sample variance

Answer 35

arises from the inevitable result of estimating something by incomplete sampling from a population.

Question 36

real process variation

Answer 36

total variance measure - sample variance

Question 37

Akaike's information criterion

Answer 37

quantifies parsimony and measures which model is simpler and better fit for the data.

Question 38

goodness of fit

Answer 38

a statistical test that determines how well sample data fits a distribution from a population with a normal distribution.