Exam 2

Question 1

age class (i)

Answer 1

all individuals within an age class are assumed to be equal with respect to their birth and death rates.

Question 2

survival

Answer 2

probability tath an individual in an age class will survive to the next age class.

Question 3

fertility

Answer 3

production of new class 1 individuals

Question 4

Leslie matrix

Answer 4

a model used to describe population growth. in which a population is closed to migration, growing in an unlimited environment, and where only one sex, usually the female, is considered

Question 5

lefkovich matrix

Answer 5

all individuals within a stage class are assumed to be equal with respect to their birth and death rates.

Question 6

projection matrix

Answer 6

should correspond to ages/stages discernable in fields and relevant to management.

Question 7

fecundity (mj)

Answer 7

the average number of offspring born per unit of time to individual female in age class or stage

Question 8

survival (p)

Answer 8

individual must survive long enough to enter age or stage j

Question 9

pre-birth pulse sampling

Answer 9

Individuals give birth the moment they enter their respective age or stage class.

Question 10

post-birth pulse sampling

Answer 10

requires an extra class for newborns, born just before sampling?

Question 11

density dependence

Answer 11

a profound influence that a population density or abundance has on the vital rates of individuals and, in turn, on the population growth rate.

Question 12

positive density dependence

Answer 12

is one in which the population growth is regulated by an increased population density.

Question 13

negative density dependence

Answer 13

describes a situation in which population growth is curtailed by crowding, predators and competition.

Question 14

intraguild predation

Answer 14

more than one species feed on the same prey and therefore competitors feed on each other.

Question 15

trophic cascade

Answer 15

predators limit the density or behavior of prey species. which shifts the trophic levels.

Question 16

predator effects

Answer 16

• regulation vs. limitation
• predation can limit prey number but not likely to drive species to extinction.
• ecological vulnerability
• ecological naivete

Question 17

3 predation rate factors

Answer 17

1) predation rate
2) degree of compensation
3) who gets killed

Question 18

predator functional response

Answer 18

describes the number of species of prey killed per predator per unit of time. equilibrium number of predators present at a given prey density.

Question 19

apparent competition

Answer 19

prey species affect each others’ abundances through their effects on the numerical response of a shared species.

Question 20

doomed surplus

Answer 20

predators as ecological equivalent as “garbage collectors”

Question 21

vulnerability

Answer 21

not all age classes are killed equally. age classes differ in compensation potential. affects population growth.

Question 22

GPS

Answer 22

global positioning system

Question 23

VHF

Answer 23

very high frequency

Question 24

the demographic approach to quantifying dispersal

Answer 24

invasive–need to go and capture and physically mark animals. it’s a very expensive and short-lived method. it misses rare and distant events and how or where animals move.

Question 25

the genetic approach to quantifying dispersal

Answer 25

it's non-invasive, however, it is also expensive. measures historical and contemporary gene flow.

Question 26

non-equilibrium approach

Answer 26

- select 1 individual - calculate the probability of genotype being drowned from a given population - assign to the population having the highest probability - dispersal rate = proportion of sampling individuals that were dispersed - relaxed assumption - statistical power increases with an increase in the number of individuals and the number of loci, genetic differentiation, and variability of each loci.

Question 27

complementary approach

Answer 27

equilibrium approach, assignment approach, and demographic approach.

Question 28

multiple isolated populations

Answer 28

heightened susceptibility to extinction. no recolonization.

Question 29

metapopulation

Answer 29

a population within a population. each has its dynamics

Question 30

contribution metric

Answer 30

quantifies how a population contributes to growth both of itself (Rx) and of the other subpopulation via successful emigration (Ex)

Question 31

ecological traps

Answer 31

sink habitat is preferentially chosen over better habitats

Question 32

soay sheep

Answer 32

different aged males and females affected differently by winter and spring weather.

Question 33

wildlife radiotelemetry

Answer 33

an integral part of studying animal movement, reproductive success, fates, and causes of mortality.

Question 34

triangulation

Answer 34

using three bearings to coordinate the location of a potentially moving animal.

Question 35

deterministic factors

Answer 35

fragmentation, invasive species, global warming, overexploitation, and pollution.

Question 36

road effect

Answer 36

hunters very often do not move more than a kilometer off the road and hunt the animals near the road.

Question 37

species response to deterministic factors

Answer 37

1) none. the stressor is within a tolerable range. 2) move 3) adapt 4) decline

Question 38

hierarchical selection

Answer 38

1st order: geographical ranges 2nd order: placement of home ranges 3rd order: specific activity centers 4th order: specific food items

Question 39

habitat suitability index HSI

Answer 39

synthesis of existing statistical models, data, and expert opinion into quantifying measures presenting optimal habitat conditions.

Question 40

degree of compensation

Answer 40

harvest mortality is compensated by increased survival, increased reproduction, increased immigration

Question 41

Pittman-Robertson act

Answer 41

written in 1937 by FDR with bipartisan support. 11% excised taxon firearms and ammunition.

Question 42

Fst

Answer 42

the proportion of the total genetic variance contained in a subpopulation (the S subscript) relative to the total genetic variance (the T subscript)

Question 43

allee effect

Answer 43

a phenomenon in biology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness of a population or species

Question 44

λ =

Answer 44

is called the finite geometrical population growth rate that gives the proportional change in.

Question 45

3 types of harvest management

Answer 45

- structural uncertainty - partial observability - partial controllability

Question 46

r =

Answer 46

instantaneous per capita rate of increase.