Exam 1 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Nutrition
A
the study of applied biochemistry and physiology
2
Q
diet formulation
A
applied nutrition and economics
3
Q
Nutrient
A
essential in diet
4
Q
nutrient allocation
A
what is the most effective way to utilize a source of nutrition
5
Q
metabolism
A
sum of all biochemical reactions in body
6
Q
catabolism
A
degradation: breakdown of nutrients and other complex molecules
7
Q
anabolism
A
biosynthesis: building of complex molecules
8
Q
how to enzymes increase the rate of reaction?
A
interact with reactants and products to increase likelihood of reaction occurring
8
Q
enzyme
A
biological catalyst
9
Q
proenzyme/zymogen
A
enzymes produced by body in inactive form
10
Q
autoenzymatic
A
mammal produces own enzymes
11
Q
alloenzymatic
A
microbes in animals GI tract produce enzymes
12
Q
what are the three calorie providing nutrients
A
carbohydrates
protein
lipids
13
Q
protein
A
macromolecule made of amino acids
14
Q
T/F essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body
A
FALSE. non essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body
15
Q
carbohydrate
A
end product of photosynthesis(base energy source)
16
Q
non structural carbohydrates
A
easy to digest
17
Q
T/F mammals produce enzymes to break down structural carbohydrates
A
FALSE. Mammalian enzymes can not digest structural carbohydrates
18
Q
lipids
A
soluble in fats/oils, there are two essential fatty acids
19
Q
what are the two main challenges for water
A
when its hot access to water must increase
when its too cold water may freeze
20
Q
minerals
A
inorganic rocks
21
Q
macro vs. micro minerals
A
macro measures as percent of diet
micro measured in ppm or ppb
22
Q
vitamins
A
fat-soluble: A,D,E,K
water soluble
23
Q
digestive physiology
A
-diet selection
-animals ability to derive nutritional benefit from a food
24
diet selection
how an animals physical features impact the food they choose
25
mouth functions
Mastication(mechanical breakdown of food)
Mixing of food
26
purpose for mixing of food in mouth
oral health
feed lubrication
CHO and lipid digestion
27
T/F particle size and digestion are inversely related
TRUE. as particle size decreases surface area increases
28
Function of esophagus
transport food from mouth to stomach
29
functions of stomach(5)
Storage
Mixing
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
30
storage(stomach)
control flow of digesta
31
extent of digestion equals?
Kd/(Kd + Kp)
32
Kd and Kp relation to extent of digestion
as Kp increases EOD decreases
as Kd increases EOD increases
33
what is mixing(stomach)
physical processing of digesta
34
what is secreted by the stomach
acid
enzymes
buffer
mucus
35
purpose of acid in stomach
denature proteins
kill microbes
lower pH
36
what form are most stomach enzymes produced in
zymogens(inactive)
37
purpose of buffer in stomach
-raise pH
-coat stomach surface
-prevent acid/enzyme from destroying stomach surface
38
purpose of mucus in stomach
-coat stomach surface
-prevent acid/enzyme from destroying stomach surface
39
types of digestion
chemical
enzymatic
40
chemical digestion duties
denature protein
activate zymogens
41
what is enzymatic digestion/ what does it do
hydrolytic(inserting H2O) enzymes --> break bonds
-Digest lipids
-Proteins
42
what is absorbed in stomach
H2O
Alcohol
Cu, Fl, Mo
Aspirin
43
4 Regions of Stomach
Esophageal region
Cardiac
Gastric
Pyloric
44
what is the function of the gastroesophageal sphincter
prevent stomach acid from entering esophagus
45
what is the function of the pyloric sphincter
controls Kp into duodenum
46
which stomach regions have folds of rugae
Cardiac and gastric regions
47
what are the three types of stomach glands
cardia
oxyntic(peptic)
pyloric
48
what does the cardia gland produce
mucus and buffer
49
what does the oxyntic gland produce
acids and enzymes
50
what does the pyloric gland produce
acids, enzymes, and endocrine products
51
what endocrine products are produced by pyloric gland
gastrin
somatistatin
52
what are some exocrine products
mucus
buffer
acid
enzymes/zymogens
53
primary functions of small intestine
digestion
secretion
absorption
immunity
54
what is the purpose of digestion
preparation of ingested food for absorption
55
how is feedstuff digested in the small intestine
it is hydrolyzed(cleaved by H2O through hydrolytic enzymes)
56
what components are proteins broken into
amino acids
dipeptides
tripeptides
57
what are non structural carbohydrates broken into
monosaccharides
58
what components are lipids broken into
monoacylglycerides
2 fatty acids
59
goal of small intestine
avoid being digested while digesting and absorbing nutrients
60
what is the area in the middle of the intestinal tract
lumen
61
how does surface area impact rate of passage
as surface area increases, rate of passage slows
62
what it the pH of the duodenum
5-6
63
what is secreted into the duodenum
zymogens
buffer
bile salts
mammalian enzymes
64
what section of the SI has the most structures to increase surface area
proximal jejunum
65
where is peak absorption
proximal jejunum
66
pH of Jejunum
7-7.5
67
exocrine products from pancreas
enzymes
buffer
68
endocrine products from pancreas
glucagon
insulin
69
when is glucagon produced?, and by what cells
produced when blood glucose is low by a-cells
70
when is insulin produced and by what cells?
produced when blood glucose is high by B-cells
71
T/F exocrine functions account for approx 85% of pancreatic mass
TRUE
72
pH of illeum
7.5-7.9
73
where are kerkring folds more dense
proximal small intestine
74
villi are found on what structure in SI
kerkring folds
75
where are enterocytes born
the crypt of villi
76
how long does it take from an enterocyte being produced to it dying
7 days
77
what structure is found inside the villus that is important for fat absorption
lacteal
78
what blood vessel brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the villus
arteriol
79
what blood vessel takes blood from the villus to the liver
venule
80
T/F the venule is lacking nutrients
FALSE. the venule is returning from the villi and carrying its nutrients to the liver
81
what cell makes up 90% of villi cells
enterocytes
82
what is the purpose of microvilli
increase surface area
83
what are glycocalyx
hair-like projections on microvilli
84
what is the purpose of glycocalyx
suspend nutrients to decrease Kp
protect enterocytes from enzymes and bacteria
85
what is the purpose of the sodium potassium co transport
create electrical gradient
bring nutrients into the cell
86
where is the Na+ concentration high
outside the cell
87
where is the K concentration high
inside the cell
88
what is the ratio of Na+K+ from the sodium potassium pump
3 NA+ out, 2 K+ in
89
why is it important for the Na+ concentration inside the cell to be low
so the SGLT1 can activate and pump sodium and glucose into the cell without directly using energy
90
how does the SGLT1 indirectly use energy
it pumps Na+ and glucose in following the concentration gradient which requires no energy. however, the concentration gradient was formed by Na+K+atpase through the use of ATP
91
what is the primary absorptive cell in SI
enterocyte
92
T/F cellulose can not be digested by mammalian enzymes
TRUE
93
is auto enzymatic digestion anaerobic or aerobic
aerobic(uses O2)
94
what are the products of starch digestion in non ruminants
per 1 glucose: 6 CO2, 6H2O, >34 atp
95
T/F fermentation is anaerobic
TRUE
96
products of fermentation
VFA
CO2
CH4
1-4 ATP/microbe
MCP
MPL
vitamins
ammonia
97
where is energy lost in microbial fermentation, Why?
CH4-energy is being expelled
1-4 ATP- going to microbes
98
what percent of energy intake is methane
3.5-6%
99
what products of fermentation are absorbed in the SI
MCP
MPL
vitamins(water soluble + K)
100
what fermentation products are absorbed in fermentation chamber
ammonia
VFA
101
what is microbial crude protein
microbes themselves are digested
source of amino acids and energy
102
what is microbial phospholipid(MPL)
microbe themselves are digested
source of fatty acids and energy
103
benefits of foregut fermentation
animal receives all benefits of microbial fermentation(MCP, VFA, Vitamins, MPL)
104
what is the downside of foregut fermentation
easily digested nutrients(ex.starch) will be fermented(lowering their value to the animal)
105
what are the benefits of hindgut fermentation
mammal has first access to easily digested nutrients and gets them at their maximum value
106
what are downsides of hindgut fermentation
microbial products are poorly(not) utilized except for VFA the rest are excreted in feces
107
characteristics of fermentation chambers
Anaerobic
consistent supply of digesta
maintain stable pH(6.2-6.5)
stable temp(39 C)
dark
mixing
--0
108
how does absorption of VFA affect pH
absorbing VFA lowers pH
109
why does the fermentation chamber have no humoral defense
so the immune system wont attack the microbes
110
how long does it take to convert methane to CO2
7-12 years
111
what is the biogenic carbo cycle
plants consume CO2 and produce glucose and O2--->animal consumes plant for energy and produces CO2 which the plant consumes
112
types of microbes and their characteristics
bacteria: does most of the work and is most numerous
protozoa: biggest and most likely to die
fungi: fiber digestion
113
which microbe do we know the most about? the least?
most: bacteria
Least: fungi
114
peristaltic
moving from proximal to distal
115
layers of reticulorumen from bottom to top
particle layer
liquid layer
hay mat
gas layer
116
reticular omasal orifice
hole connecting reticulum to omasum
117
reticular groove
groove in nursing calves that leads milk directly to omasum to avoid fermentation
118
what are all places autoenzymatic digestion occurs
-stomach(pig, horse, cow abomasum)
-small intestine(pig, horse, cow)
119
what places of digestive tract have structures to lower Kp
-stomach(pig, horse, cow-all compartments)
-small intestine(pig, horse, cow)
-large intestine(pig, horse, cow)
120
where is acid secreted into the lumen in the digestive tract
-stomach(pig, horse, cow abomasum)
121
where does the animal secrete buffer in intestinal tract
-stomach(pig, horse, cow abomasum)
-small intestine(pig, horse, cow)
122
exocrine vs. endocrine
exocrine is secreted into digestive tract, endocrine will go to other parts of body
123
T/F amino acids and glucose are nutrients that supply energy to the body
TRUE. they are proteins and carbohydrates respectively
124
T/F glucose can transport against its concentration gradient
TRUE. it can transport glucose against its concentration gradient bc nitrogen pulls it along with its gradient
125
what are the six brushy border enzymes
maltase
isomaltase
glucoamylase
sucrase
fructase
phlorizin hydrolase
126
what cell produces brushy border enzymes
enterocyte
127
what moves fructose into cell
GLUT5
128
what moves glu, gal, fru into blood stream
GLUT2
129
what enzyme breaks down amylose, and amylopectin
pancreatic a. amylase
130
what is amylose broken into
maltose
maltotriose
131
what is amylopectin broken into
maltose
maltotriose
isomaltos
132
what are maltose, isomaltose, and maltotriose broken into
glucose
133
what is lactose broken into
glucose
galactose
134
what is sucrose broken into
glucose
fructose
135
what are the four disacchrides
lactose
sucrose
maltose
cellubios
136
what bond is maltose linked by
a. glycosidic
137
what bond in cellobiose linked by
b. glycosidic
138
what are the four main polysacchrides
starch
cellulose
hemicellulose
pectin
139
T/F all polysaccharides are digestible by ME
FALSE. only starch is
140
two types of starch
amylose
amylopectin
141
equation for digestibility
D=((intake-feces)/intake) x 100
142
how does lignin affect carbohydrates
it is 0% digestible, as it increases digestibility for carbohydrates decreases
143
what does the enzyme phlorizin hydrolase do
cleaves sugars bound to lipids
144
what does glucoamylase do
hydrolyzes one(1) glucose molecule from starch
145
where does all glucose, galactose, and fructose absorption occur
Small intestine
146
difference between amylase and amylopectin
amylase is a. bond at 1,4. chain of 100 glucose
amylopectin is a. bond at 1,4 and 1,6(branch points) similar to glycogen
146
how do a. glycosidic and b. glycosidic bonds differ, and how does it impact digestibility
a. glycosidic bond at 1,4 straight making molecules connect in spiral and easily removed from one another.
b. glycosidic connects at 1,4 at diagonal making long flat chains that pack tightly together and not easily pulled apart
147
path of monosaccharides after leaving enterocyte
-travel through blood to liver
-gal, fru metabolized in liver
-glu travels from liver to tissue
-glu turned into ATP, glycogen synthesis, or fat synthesis
148
what animal is glycogen synthesis most important in
Horse, they do the most exercise
149
where does glycogen synthesis occur
muscle and liver
150
where does fat synthesis occur
adipocytes
