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ANSC 326 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is feed conversion ratio

A

Using less feed but getting more gains

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2
Q

How do we feed nonruminant

A

Ingredients are blended together to meet the nutrient requirement, at the same time be cheap

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3
Q

No ingredient contains all of the nutrients

A

True

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4
Q

Most software formulates diets based on a least cost algorithm. When requirements are met, the computer will use cheapest ingredients

A

True

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5
Q

Animals consume feed largely to meet the energy demand. When intake meets energy demand, it must all meet other nutrient to achieve feeding objective

A

True

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6
Q

What are the 4 feeding objective

A

Growth
Production
Maintenance
Reproduction

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7
Q

Animals have requirements for essential and non-essential amino acids. Requirements are set for total crude proteins and limiting amino acid

A

True

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8
Q

Sometimes used to provide a more tailored amino acid profile, so that total dietary protein can be reduced

A

Crystalline amino acid

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9
Q

Essential fatty acid requirements are met through what content

A

oil content

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10
Q

What is often added to provide energy and control dust

A

Dietary fat

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11
Q

There is no practical requirement for crude fat

A

True

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12
Q

What should you add for a diet to have lot of energy

A

Fat source

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13
Q

Ground limestone produces what?

A

Calcium

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14
Q

Dicalcium phosphate produces what

A

Phosphorus

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15
Q

2 Important minerals for bone health

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

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16
Q

What is typically provide an excess to insure that adequate dietary intake is achieved

A

Vitamin premix

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17
Q

Are mineral premixes provided in excess, especially trace minerals

A

No

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18
Q

What are the non-nutritive additives (6)

A

Growth promotants
Pellets binders
Coloring agents
Flavor enhancer
Vaccines
Therapeutics

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19
Q

Poor marginal quality protein source may require?

A

Crystalline amino acid

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20
Q

Achieving higher energy densities may require?

A

Fat source

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21
Q

Is a chemical compound that the animal needs to live and grow

A

Nutrients

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22
Q

Raw compounds are consumed by the animal and then synthesized into what is needed

A

Nonessential

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23
Q

Animal consumes the compound and it is used directly

A

Essential

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24
Q

Maintain normal body function without gain or loss of body weight

A

Maintenance

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25
Raise animals for their product
Growth
26
Nutrient intake necessary to support processes beyond maintenance Such include: hair, milk and eggs
Production
27
How are other requirements met
Premixes and practical ingrediants
28
What are the 6 nutrient groups?
Water Carbohydrates Fats/Lipids Protein/amino acids Vitamins Minerals
29
Main function of Carbohydrate?
To provide energy to the animal
30
How much does carbohydrate make up in dry weight of many animals
75%
31
How much does carbohydrate make up in swine and poultry diets
70 - 80 %
32
Carbohydrate is comprised of what?
C, H, O
33
Nearly completely digestible
Cell contents
34
30 - 80% digestible
Cell wall
35
what decreases digestibility
Lignin
36
Non branched
Cellulose
37
Branched
Hemicellulose
38
Are starch and sugars structural or non structural
Non structural
39
What are Lipids comprised of
C, H, O
40
How many times more energy dense is lipids than carbohydrate
2.25 times
41
Are lipids soluble or insoluble in water
insoluble
42
What are considered when choosing fat source (3)
Prices Digestibility Impact of fat on carcass characteristics
43
How are fats used in Nursery Diets
Unsaturated fats are used due to it being more digestible (oil) but have unfavorable impact on carcass
44
How are fats used in Grow/finish diets
More animal fats are used, highly saturated fats thus have a good impact on carcass
45
De novo
to be synthesized
46
The more fat is supplements, the less de novo synthesis will take place
True
47
What is the limiting amino acids in cattle
Methionine, lysine
48
What is the limiting amino acids in swince
Lysine
49
What is the limiting amino acids in poultry
Methionine and Cystine
50
Limiting amino acids if not present, limits the utilization of other amino acids
True
51
What are the function of proteins
protection, enzymes, hormones, transport
52
Some essential amino acids are precursors for non essential amino acids
True
53
How are amino acids joined together
peptides bond
54
Required organic substances, some of which can be synthesized in the body
Vitamins
55
Inorganic, solid, crystalline compounds which cannot be chemically synthesized
Minerals
56
What are the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
57
What type of vitamins are stored in the tissues
Fat soluble vitamins
58
What are the water soluble vitamins
B complex vitamins, niacin, folic acid, vitamin C
59
What type of vitamin is not stored in the tissues, thus must be constantly supplied
Water soluble vitamins
60
Types of minerals that is needed in large quantity are called? Measured in percent (%)
Macrominerals
61
Types of minerals that is needed in small quantity are called? Measured in ppm
Microminerals
62
What is the name of the molecule that stores P in plants, rendering the P unavailable to nonruminants?
Phytate
63
How much water are embryo made up of
90%
64
How much water are newborn made up of
80%
65
How much water are adult made up of
60%
66
Dangers of water loss (5)
Impaired thermoregulation (1%) Dry mouth (3%) Difficulty concentrating, headache (5%) Loss leading to disturbance of body function (10%) Death (20%)
67
What is the rule of thumb of water consumption
2-3 x Feed intake
68
Does Gestating and Lactating sow require more water? Why?
Yes, because of milk production
69
Where does majority of absorption take place
Small intestine
70
No energy required
Passive transport
71
Require energy in the form of ATP
Active transport
72
Involves the cell pinching part of the cell wall
Pinocytosis
73
What are the two types of passive transport
Simple diffusion Facillitated diffusion
74
Passage across a plasma membrane along the concentration gradient
Simple diffusion
75
Passage across a plasma membrane with help from a carrier/transport protein
Facilitated diffusion
76
What are the 3 requirements for active transport
1. passage of molecule against the concentration gradient 2. Require a carrier protein 3. Require energy
77
Each villi is covered with enterocytoes and mucus producing
Goblet cells
78
Crypts are found between where
villi
79
All essential amino acids must be met by formulating the needs first limiting amino acid
True
80
The amino acid that will be become deficient first as dietary crude protein is reduced
The first liminting amino acid
81
What the the first limiting amino acid in swine
Lysine
82
What is the first liminting amino acid in poultry
Methionine
83
Do not require protein per se, but rather certain quantities of several essential amino acids
Non-ruminant animals
84
The dietary requirement is determined based on physiological need
True
85
What content in grain is ignored when formulating a diet to meet or exceed the requirements
Vitamins
86
Purchases premixes to be added into the diet at relatively low inclusion levels
Feed Mills
87
Formulate and blend premixes that are then sold to feed mills
Premix Mills
88
The requirement of glycine and serine can be met.
True
89
Methionine can be use to make cystine, but cystine cannot be used to make methionine. Methionine requirement must be my methionine.
True
90
What are the advantages of pellet
Less is fed, more gain Digestibility is higher Reduction of food waste due to reduction of selective eating Reduces pathogens because pelleting requires heating Reduces bulkiness
91
Feed bridging is caused by what?
Feed size it to fine/small
92
Smaller particle size allows better digestibility but can cause bridging and stomach ulcers to swine
True
93
Which is more consistent Roller Mill or Hammer Mill
Roller mill produces more consistent feed size

ANSC 326 (4 decks)

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