Exam 2 Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
What are the 7 Proximate Analysis
A
Moisture
Ash
Nitrogen
Crude Fat
Crude Fiber
Gross Energy
Calcium and Phosphorus
2
Q
What is Dry Matter?
A
How much moisture %
3
Q
What temperature is Dry Matter heated to?
A
105C
4
Q
What are the 2 formulas for calculating DM?
A
Final weight/ initial weight * 100 = DM
or
100 - % H2O = DM%
5
Q
Why is DM important?
A
Most feed analysis is reported and conducted on DM basis
6
Q
What is Ash
A
Estimate of inorganic material
7
Q
What is the feed heated to and for how long?
A
Heat feed at 600 C for 6 hours in muffle furnace
8
Q
What is the formula for Ash?
A
Starting weight - final weight
9
Q
What are the two major method for calculating Nitrogen
A
Kjeldhal Method and Combustion Method
10
Q
Protein contain what?
A
Nitrogen
11
Q
Are all nitrogen compounds protein?
A
No
12
Q
What is the formula for calculating crude protein
A
%=%N x 6.25
13
Q
How do you extract Crude Fat
A
Ether extract, using ether or organic solvent to remove lipids.
14
Q
What are 2 examples organic solvents?
A
Petroleum ether or ethanol
15
Q
What is the is an important step when extracting fat
A
Must be air dry
Use extract
oven dry
Take final weight
16
Q
What is crude fiber? Examples
A
All the fiber in the diet.
Hemicellulose, Cellulose
17
Q
What must be removed before calculating crude fiber
A
Fat
18
Q
What are the 3 steps to get the Crude fiber
A
- Boiling (refluxing) in a weak Acid
- Filtering and boiling in a weak Base
- Filtering and ashing
19
Q
What is the formula to find crude fiber
A
(Extracted and acid/basic digested sample - ash residue)/ initial sample * 100 = %CF
20
Q
What are the disadvantages for CF
A
low repeatability, some hemicelluloses are dissolved, protein can be bound in insoluble forms
21
Q
What is NDF
A
Neutral Detergent Fiber
22
Q
What is ADF
A
Acid Detergent Fiber
23
Q
What is in ADF
A
Cellulose and Lignin
24
Q
What is in NDF
A
Cellulose, Lignin and Hemicellulose
25
What is gross energy?
The total energy of everything in a sample
26
what instrument is used to determine gross energy?
Bomb calorimeter
27
How is digestible energy formed
Gross energy - Fecal energy loss
28
How is Metabolize Energy formed
Digestible energy - urinary energy loss
29
How is Net energy formed
Metabolized Energy - Heat increment
30
What is net energy?
Maintenance and production
31
What are two types of ash?
Dry and Wet
32
What is dry ash
ash with heat
Boil in HCl and nitric acid then dilute with pure water
33
What is wet ash
ash with perchloric acid
Boil in nitric acid and perchloric acid then dilute with water
34
What is the instrument used to find Ca
Atomic absorption spectrometer. The absorbance of the flames
35
What is the instrument used to find Phosphorus
Use colorimeter. The darker the color blue the more phosphorus
36
How do we find out how much feed is being utilized
Ileal Digestibility, takes feed in the ileum
37
What is TTU
Total Tract Utilization, takes feed from the feces
38
T or F: If one amino acid is missing, you cannot provide that protien
True
39
T or F: Feed ingredients contain various proteins that are digested to provide amino acids for the animal
True
40
T or F: Nutrient requirements are for amino acids, not CP
True
41
T of F: a diet which appears adequate in CP, can be deficient in one or more amino acids
True
42
Essential Amino Acid (EEA)
Essential amino acids cannot be produced or cannot be produced in sufficient quantity
43
Nonessential Amino Acid (NEEA)
They serve as a sources of carbon skeletons and amino nitrogen
44
Are NEEA necessary
There is a minimum amount of NEAA that are necessary in a diet
45
How are amino acid classified?
Based on the R group
46
Protein Structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
47
What is primary structure
order of AA in the chain. Starting with methionine
48
What is secondary structure
local structure
49
What is tertiary structure
major folding over all shape of protein or subunit
50
What is quarternary structure
when multiple proteins come together
51
Order of protein digestion
Mouth
Stomach
Pancreatic secretion
52
What happens in the mouth
Mastication
53
What happens in the stomach
release of HCl and pepsinogen
54
What happens in pancreas
Proteolytic enzymes
55
What are the two types of Proteolytic enzymes
Endopeptidases and Exopeptidase
56
Endopeptidases converts Trypsinogen to what
Trypsin
57
Endopeptidases converts Chymotrypsinogen to what
Chymotrypsin
58
Endopeptidases converts Proelastase to what
Elastase
59
Exopeptidase converts Procarboxypeptidase A and B to what?
carboxypeptidase A and B
60
Where and How is AA absorbed? 3 steps
In the enterocyte
1. Amino acid are absobred across the brush border membrane
2. AA use the absorptive cell or transported into the blood stream
3. the small peptides from the AA are transported to into the lumen side then through the blood side
61
Free Amino Acid
Most dependent on an Ion gradient
In 2 K+
Out 3 Na+
62
Di and Tri peptide absorption
Dependent on Na/K ATPase
63
What is limiting amino acid?
The amino acid found in the diet at the lowest concentration relatives to the animal's requirement
64
How to formulate limiting amino acid?
inclusion AA / required AA * 100
Ex:
Lys req: 0.60
Given: 0.61
.61 Lys / 0.60 * 100 = 102%
65
Growing pigs Lys Req
Daily Lysine requirement = lysine (maintenance) + lysine (protein accretion)
66
Protein and Digestible Energy Relationship
Increase Digestible Energy intake increases protein gain
67
How is lys req expressed
lys:energy
68
Relationship between energy concentration and lys req
The lys requirement increases with increasing energy concentration in the diet
69
Relationship between ME and Feed Intake?
Increase Me, decrease Feed Intake
70
How is AA req expressed
Ratio of AA:Lys
71
What are the three concept of an ideal protein
1. Must contain all EAA
2. Closer to the AA profile to the tissue or product being produced, the more efficient it is
3. High correlation between AA req for growth and carcass
72
Converting to Lysine Basis
% AA / % lys * % of Lys
Example
Threonine = .61/.95 * 100% = 64.2
73
What are the 2 ways to cover deficits in amino acid
Blending complimentary ingredients together or synthetic amino acids
74
What is bioavailability
the availabilty of nutrietnts for animal to absorbed
75
How to calculate bioavailability
What is absorbed / what is given * 100
76
How to calculate digestibility
(Amt of Nutrient in Feed - Amt of Nutrient in Feces) / Amt of Nutrient in Feed * 100
77
What is cannulation?
A more accurate estimate of the amino acid availability to the animal is to take it from the ileum
78
Ileal digesta contains amino acids from two sources:
1. unabsorbed feed amino acids
2. Amino acids from endogenous origin
79
How to calculate Apparent ileal digestibility
[AA]feed - [AA]digesta / [AA]feed * 100
80
How to calculate AA digestibility
[AA]feed - [AA]digesta + [Endogneous AA]digesta / [AA]feed * 100
81
Energy content of feedstuffs. Determing Gross energy
One calories raises the temperature of 1g of water
A kilocalorie raises 1000 g of water 1C
82
IUPAC of Energy
Joule
83
Nonruminant diet uses what unit
Kcal
84
Ruminant diet uses what unit
Mcal
85
Chemical composition of Carbohydrates
Saccharides
Cellulose, hemicellulose
Lignin
86
chemical composition of Fats
Degree of Saturation
glyceral
87
Chemical composition of Amino Acids
Glucogenic and ketogenic
88
Starch
Amylose (straight chain)
Amylopectin (branched chain)
89
Non-starch polysaccarides
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin
90
What are enzymes
Digestive enzymes convert complex CHO to monosaccharides
91
Amylose is digested by what to yield maltose
pancreatic and salivary amylase
92
Maltose is digested by what to yield individual glucose unit
Maltase
93
Amylose solubilty in hot water
Soluble in hot water
94
Amylopectin solublity in hot water
insoluble in hot water
95
What is FFA
Free Fatty Acids
96
What is NEFA
Non-esterfied fatty acids
97
What are the two lipids
Lingual lipase
Pancreatic lipase
98
What is lingual lipase?
Work in the absence of bile salts (stomach)
99
What is pancreatic lipase
Require bile salts for emulsification (duodenum)
100
Absorption of fats depends on what?
1. Chain Length
2. Degree of Saturation
3. Arrangement of saturated and unsatured fatty acids on molecule
101
Steps Absorption and Transport of fatty acids
1. Fatty acids are incorporated into micelles
2. Micelles are passively absorbed across the brush border (short and medium can be absorbed)
3. Passage to the lymphatic system
102
Carcass lipid quality
1. Meat Quality
2. Consumer Appeal
3. Therapeutic nutritional intervention
103
Meat Quality
a. Body composition
b. Cutability
c. Off flavor
d. Shelf life
104
Benefits of fat
1. Lower heat increment
2. Used for maintenance heat
3. Fat slows the passage rate of digesta
4. Digestibility of other nutrient is enhanced
105
What are the fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
106
What are the water soluble vitamins
B complex and C
107
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?
liver
108
What vitamins has 3 forms which are retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid
Vitamin A
109
What has deficiency of night blindness and carotenoids
Vitamin A
110
All trans form have how much biological activity
100%
111
Which vitamin is affiliated with a rickets deficiency and has an active form of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Vitamin D
112
What are the forms of Vitamin D
D2 (plant source)
D3 (animal source)
113
What forms of vitamins do mammals use
Both
114
What forms do birds use efficiently
D3 7x
115
What is the function of Vitamin D?
Facilitate active absorption of Ca and P across epithelium
116
What defiecincy causes abnormal skeletal growth such as scoliosis and rib lesions
Vitamin D
117
Which vitamin can be obtain from beta carotene
Vitamin A
118
Which vitamin interacts with selenium and D-alpha - tocopherol
Vitamin E
119
What is the function of Vitamin E
Protect Membrane from being oxidized due to how unstable it is
120
What is exudative diathesis
poor membrane development
121
What is encephalomalacia
Issue with brain and nervous system
122
What are the two forms of Vitamin K
K1 (plant form)
K2 (product of GIT bacteria)
123
How can vitamin K be inhibited
High levels of Vitamin A and E
124
How can animal receive K2 vitamins
Eating their own feces
125
Which vitamin is necessary for the blood to clot?
Vitamin K
126
How are water soluble vitamins absorbed
Small intestines through passive or active transport
127
What is the function of of B1 - Thiamine
Coenzymes
128
How if B1 absorption decreased
Folic acid deficiency
129
What causes polyneuritis "star gazing"
Deficient B1
130
Which vitamin prevent Beri Beri
B1
131
Which vitamin is part of the flavoprotein in the electron transport system
B2- riboflavin
132
What vitamin deficiency causes curled toe paralysis
B2
133
What vitamin is the coenzyme for NAD and NADP
Niacin
134
What vitamin deficiency causes black tongue
Niacin
135
Which vitamin that is a part of acetyl coenzymes A and causes goose stepping pigs
Pantothenic acid
136
What vitamins with forms that are pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine
Vitamin B6
137
vitamin deficiencies taht result in anemia as major symptom in farm animals
Vitamin B6
138
What is the primary source of B12
Bacteria
139
Which is a vitamin that a deficiency can result in pernicious anemia
B12
140
Vitamin that can be interfered with by avidin in raw egg white causing skin lesions
Biotin
141
Which nutrients corresponds to ascorbic acid
Vitamin C
142
Macrominerals for skeleton structure
Calcium and Phosphorus
143
Macrominerals for Acid base balance
Chlorine, Na, and Potassium
144
Which mineral when there are low levels in the blood causes milk fever?
Calcium
145
Which mineral would be tied up by oxalic acid causing blood to not clot
Calcium
146
What prevents grass tetany
Magnesium
147
What is the purpose of Potassium and Na
Part of the fluid component
148
What is a deficiney in Potassium
Pica
149
What is a deficiency in Na
reduce growth
150
Electrolyte toxicity
Kidney malfunction or limited water
151
Deficient of sulfur causes what
Neuro problems
152
Which mineral prevent parakeratosis and abnomarlities in the embryo
Zinc
153
Minerals given to young pigs to prevent anemia?
Iron
154
How much iron is injected into young pig
150 - 200
155
What mineral interacts with Vitamin E, which is necessary to add in our area to keep young pigs alive?
Selenium
156
Which mineral prevents muscle dystrophy such as stiff lamb disease and white muscles disease
Selenium
157
What are the essential Fatty Acids
Linolenic Acid
Linoleic Acid
Arachidonic acid
158
What is creep feeding
Offering high digestible, solid feed to piglets
159
What is weaning
Gradual switch from milk to solid feed
160
Why is sow's milk good
Resemblance to ideal AA profile of piglets
161
Protein source for piglets
Spray dried plasma supplements antibodies called immunoglobulin
162
Nursery diet Phase 1 to 3
Start with high lactose then decrease
163
Whed do you change the phase
Age, weight, feed consumption, health, environment
164
How much milk does 170 kg sow produce
9.1 kg milk/day
165
What do additives do. 4 things
2 response
health
1 more
Immune response
Gut Health
Growth
stress response
166
What does Gut modulation do?. 4 things
2 reduce
1 imporve
1 provide
Reduce pathogen exposure
Reduce pathogen growth and colonization
Improve nutrient uptake
Provide energy for intestines
167
What is direct fed microbials
Goal is to to introduce bacterial strains into the gut that improves the functionality
168
What is the mode action of probiotics. 4 things
1 improve
1 high
1 Lower
1. Reduce
1. Improve the functionality of the gut
2. High viscosity
3. Lower the pH of the gut,
4. The bacteria helps with reduce the pathogens
169
What is prebiotics2 things
Digestibilty
commence
1. Things we put into the diet to commence bacteria growth in the gut
2. Usually nondigestible
170
How does prebiotics work?
Prebiotics binds to pathogens to prevent their pathogens action
171
What are the issues with Antibiotics
Antibiotics resistance
Antibiotics residues
172
What is the withdrawl time for antibiotics
Carbadox: 42 days
173
What is phytogenics
Modulate microbial action in the gut, usually essential oil
174
What are the anti oxidant minerals and vitamins
Vitamin E, C and Selenium
175
What is the purpose of antioxidant
Provide oxygen to the oxygen required species so they don’t take oxygen from somewhere valuable
176
What extract has the highest oxident
Rosemary extract
177
What is enzymes
Target the substrate and makes substrate available
178
Issue with phytate
Phytate is a negative charge phosphate group that binds to Fe, Copper that is essential for the body, thus not making accessible for the animal
179
How is phytate is hydrolyzed
Phytase
180
What is anthelmintics used for
Parasite treatment since pigs eat everything
181
What is the Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
Steer the metabolism of animal into the lean tissues instead of fat tissues
182
What is the purpose of feed flavors
Getting piglets to eat as much as possible
183
What is the purpose of feed binders
Heat active, helps pellets bind together better
184
What is the purpose of Organic Acid
Reduce pH of the gut
Helps feed the good bacteria
At low pH, lactic acid flora is good, whereas the non beneficial bacteria are inhibited
185
How much does phosphorus does swine produce
74,000 tons P/ yr
186
How do we prevent nutrient builds in the soil
1. Legislation
2. Better manure practice
3. Better feeding strategies
187
Feeding strategies
Phytase
Give buffer
Elimante over formulation
Phase feeding
188
What is the purpose of phytase?
Catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphorus from phytate.
Reduces the amount of phosphorus that is released into the enviroment
Low pH
189
What phosphate group is removed by 3-phytase
the third group
190
How mnay g of N for every 100 g of Nitrogen
16 g
191
How do you deal with limiting amino acid
Add sythetic amino acid
Add phytase
192
What are the 3 supplemental enzymes to help reduce nutrient excretion
1. Phytases
2. Proteases
3. Carbohydrases
