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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Necessary life functions:

A
  1. Maintains boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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2
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to sense changes in the environment and respond

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3
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food into molecules that can be absorbed by the bloodstream

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions that occur within the body’s cells

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5
Q

Excretion

A

Process of removing waste from the body

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6
Q

Reproduction

A

Occurs cellularly and organismally

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining internal conditions in response to external stimuli
blood sugar example

Involves receptor, control center, and effector

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8
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Output will shut off original stimulus or reduce the intensity

EX: blood sugar

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9
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

Enhances the original stimulus so that the response it accelerated

EX: childbirth

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10
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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11
Q

Solids

A

Definite shape and volume

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12
Q

Liquids

A

Definite volume but shape takes form of container

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13
Q

Gas

A

Neither definite shape nor volume`

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14
Q

Electrical Energy

A

Results from movement of charged particles

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15
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

Directly involved in moving matter

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16
Q

Radiant Energy

A

Travels in waves

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17
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Stored in the bonds of chemical substances

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18
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy in motion

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19
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy

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20
Q

Elements that compose the majority of the body:

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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21
Q

What drives electrons in chemical reactions?

A

Octet Rule: atoms desire 8 electrons in their valence shells

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22
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

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23
Q

Anion

A

Atom that gains an electron- negative charge

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24
Q

Cation

A

Atom that loses an electron- positive charge

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25
Covalent Bond
Formed by the sharing of electrons -polar: unequal -nonpolar: equal
26
Electronegative
Greater electron-attracting capability
27
Electropositive
Less electron-attracting capability
28
Hydrogen Bond
Attraction between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and the electronegative atom of another molecule
29
Synthesis Reactions
Building things up or combining atoms/molecules
30
Decompositon Reactions
Breaking down or reducing a larger molecule into simpler molecules
31
Reduction-Oxidation Reaction
OIL RIG EX: Cellular respiration
32
Biochemistry
The study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter
33
Inorganic
Chemicals in the body that don't contain carbon EX: water, salts, acids and bases
34
Organic
Molecules unique to living systems that contain carbon
35
Water properties:
1. High heat capacity 2. High heat of vaporization 3. Polar solvent properties 4. Reactivity 5. Cushioning
36
Salts
Contain cations other than Hydrogen and anion other than Hydroxyl; when dissolved in water, they dissociate into their component ions
37
Salts in body:
Calcium Phosphates are responsible for making bones and teeth hard. Electrolytes of sodium/potassium are critical for nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
38
Acids
Substances that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts
39
Bases
Substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts
40
pH Scale
Neutral= 7 >7 basic <7 acidic
41
Buffers
Resist abrupt and large changes in pH
42
Carbonic Acid-bicarbonate System
When pH rises and blood becomes basic, carbonic acid dissociates to release protons. When pH drops and blood becomes more acidic, the bicarbonate binds to those protons.
43
Carbohydrate
Provides ready, easy-to-use sources of fuel
44
Starch
Storage carbs formed by plants
45
Glycogen
Storage carbs formed in animal tissues
46
Triglycerides
Provide the body's most efficient and compact form of stored energy
47
Phospholipids
Chief material in building cell membranes
48
Fibrous Proteins
Structural proteins
49
Globular Proteins
Functional proteins; unstable
50
Protein Denaturing
Any shift from "normal" causes the proteins to be outside of their norm and can cause them to unfold and lose their shape, therefore their function
51
Enzymes
Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts; lower activation energy
52
Three basic cell parts:
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
53
Plasma Membrane
Acts as a selectively permeable barrier
54
Cytoplasm
Intracellular fluid packed with organelles
55
Nuclues
Controls cellular activities and provides blueprints for protein production
55
Extracellular Materials:
Interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid
55
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
1. Mechanical barrier 2. Selective permeability 3. Electrochemical gradient 4. Communication 5. Cell signaling
55
Integral Proteins
Firmly inserted into the membrane; function as transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors
55
Desmosomes
Rivet-like junction formed when linker proteins of neighboring cells interlock like a zipper; allows give between cells
55
Glycocalyx
Enables cell-to-cell recognition
55
Peripheral Proteins
Loosely attached to integral proteins; function as enzymes, cell-to-cell connections, motor proteins
55
Tight Junctions
Integral proteins of adjacent cells fuse to form an impermeable junction that prevents fluids and most molecules from moving in
55
Gap Junctions
Transmembrane proteins form tunnels that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
56
Chromatin
Arranged in fundamental units of nucleosomes; the unwrapped and uncondensed form of DNA
57
Histones
A way for the nucleus to pack up the long DNA molecules into a compact and orderly way

Human Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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