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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward and thumbs turned up and away from the body

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2
Q

Superior (Cranial)

A

Towards the head end of the upper end of the structure; above

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3
Q

Inferior (Caudal)

A

Away from the head end or the lower end of the structure; below

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4
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Toward/at the front of the body; in front of

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5
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Toward/at the back of the body; behind of

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6
Q

Medial

A

Toward/at the midline of the body; inner side of

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7
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; outer side of

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8
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

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9
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment of a limb

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10
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment of a limb

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11
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface of the skin

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12
Q

Deep

A

More internal of the body

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13
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Makes up the axis of the body; head, neck, trunk

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14
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Consists of appendages

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15
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into right/left

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16
Q

Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)

A

Vertical plane that divides te body into anterior/posterior or front/back

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17
Q

Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane)

A

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior/inferior

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18
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Made up of Cranial and Vertebral cavities

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19
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Brain

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20
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

Spinal cord

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21
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Made up of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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22
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Pleural cavities enclose lungs; pericardial cavity encloses the heart and other thoracic organs

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23
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Abdominal Cavity- stomach intestines, spleen, liver

Pelvic Cavity- urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient; move from high to low concentration

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25
Simple Diffusion
Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through the phospholipid layer from high to low
26
Facilitated Diffusion
Carrier mediated; channel-mediated
27
Carrier-Mediated Diffusion
Substances bind to protein carriers and transport specific polar molecules that are too large for channels
28
Channel-Mediated Diffusion
Substances move through water-filled channels
29
Phagocytosis
"Cell eating" Membrane projections form and flow around solid particles being engulfed; forms vesicles called phagosomes
30
Pinocytosis
"Cell drinking" Membrane enfolds, brining fluid and dissolved solutes into the cell
31
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Involves endocytosis and transcytosis of specific molecules
32
Exocytosis
Process where materials are ejected from the cell
33
3 Stages of Interphase:
1. G1- vigorous growth and metabolism 2. S- DNA replication 3. G2- preparation for division
34
Stages of mitosis:
I PMAT C
35
Prophase
Early: chromatin condenses and each chromosome and its duplicate is bound by centromere Late: Nuclear envelope breaks up and microtubules attach to the kinetochore and pull the chromosomes to the center of cells
36
Metaphase
Two centromeres are at opposite poles; chromosomes cluster at midline
37
Anaphase
Centromeres split simultaneously and are pulled to their respective poles
38
Telophase
Each set of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin and new nuclear membranes form around each chromatin mass
39
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
40
Keratinocytes
Produce fibrous keratin that gives the skin protective properties
41
Melanocytes
Spider-shaped; produce melanin
42
Dendritic
Star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis
43
Tactile
Sensory receptors that sense touch
44
Stratum Corneum
First layer; most superficial 20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin
45
Stratum Lucidum
Found in thick skin only
46
Stratum Granulosum
One to five layers of flattened cells; cytoplasm filled with lamellar granules and keratohyalin granules
47
Stratum Spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes; cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
48
Stratum Basale
The deepest layer One row of actively mitotic stem cells
49
Simple Squamous Epithelia
Flattened laterally with sparse cytoplasm Function where rapid diffusion is priority EX: Kidneys, lungs
50
Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
Single layer cells that are cube-like Function in secretion and absorption EX: kidneys, lungs, smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules
51
Simple Columnar Epithelia
Single layer of tall, closely packed cells Function in absorption and secretion EX: Digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine tubes
52
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia
Cells vary in height and appear to be multilayered but is actually single layered simple Function in secretion of mucus and movement of mucus EX: Upper respiratory tract, ducts of large glands, tubules in testes
53
Stratified Squamous Epithelia
Located in areas of high wear and tear
54
Transitional Epithelia
Forms lining of hollow urinary organs and allows for stretching and increased storage space
55
Cardiac Muscle
Only in the walls of heart; involuntary Contain striations but have one nucleus
56
Skeletal Muscle
Attached to and causes movement of bones; voluntary Appear striated or banded and contain multiple nuclei
57
Smooth Muscle
Mainly found in walls of hollow organs; involuntary No visible striations; spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus
58
Loose Areolar CT
Directly beneath the epidermis of the skin Supports and binds other tissues; universal packing material between other tissues
59
Loose Adipose CT
Under the skin and around organs Provides cushioning and insulation
60
Loose Reticular CT
Kidney, liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes
61
Dense Regular CT
Can withstand high tension and stretching; form closely packed bundles Tendons and ligaments
62
Dense Irregular CT
Resists tension from many directions; forms sheets Found in dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs
63
Dense Elastic CT
Ligaments, some larger arteries
64
Hyaline Cartilage
Most abundant in body Tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, ribs
65
Elastic Cartilage
Similar to hyaline but more elastic Ears and epiglottis
66
Fibrocartilage
Properties between the previous two Knees, intervertebral discs
67
Bone
Supports and protects body structures, stores fat, and synthesizes blood cells in cavities
68
Blood
Contain RBCs, WBCs, platelets Functions in transport and in carrying nutrients, wastes, gases, etc.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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