Exam 1 Flashcards
(302 cards)
1
Q
prokaryote
A
single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and has no membrane around genes
2
Q
eukaryote
A
organism that contains a nucleus and organelles; highly evolved; genes wrapped in membrane
3
Q
colony
A
big pile of cells visible to the naked eye that come from a single cell and are all identical
4
Q
strain
A
identical descendants that come from a colony
5
Q
species
A
not identical strains that have many characteristics that make them common; has a name
6
Q
E. Coli full name
A
Escherichia Coli
7
Q
What is the genus & species in E. coli
A
E. = genus
Coli = species
8
Q
genus
A
many species that have a name
9
Q
type strains
A
used for reference; compares known with unknown
10
Q
culture collections
A
ATCC: American Type Culture Collections
11
Q
Bergey’s Manual
A
Encyclopedia of organisms
12
Q
Ecology
A
Where a microorganism is found
13
Q
Shape
A
What shape a microorganism is formed in
14
Q
Biochemistry
A
What a microorganism likes to eat
15
Q
Antibody Binding
A
Antibodies bind to a conformational shape on the surface of antigens; usually done in a hospital lab
16
Q
Size of Prokaryote
A
Small
17
Q
Size of Eukaryote
A
Larger; An amoeba is a whale to a bacteria (prokaryote)
18
Q
Metabolic Rate
A
How quickly fuels (such as sugars) are broken down to keep the organism running.
19
Q
T OR F: Metabolic Rate Increases as surface volume increases?
A
True
20
Q
Surface/Volume Ratio
A
Limits cell size because the bigger the cell gets, the less surface area it has for its size.
21
Q
How often do E. Coli divide?
A
E. Coli divide every 20 minutes
22
Q
How often do cells in the intestinal tract divide?
A
Cells in the intestinal tract divide once every 24 hours
23
Q
Cocci
A
Prokaryotic; Spherical; O
24
Q
Diplococci
A
Prokaryotic; 2 spheres together: OO
25
What is the most famous diplococci?
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
26
Streptococci
Prokaryotic; Chains of spheres: OOOOOOO
27
What is the cause of strep throat?
Streptococcus Pyogenes
28
Tetrads
Prokaryotic; Group of four: 88
29
What tetrad likes groups of four and does not cause sickness?
Gaffkya Tetragena
30
Clusters
Most famous arrangement; Genetic building blocks of bacteria.
31
What bacteria is a form of MRSA, kills 1/4 people in the US, & has no cure?
Staphylococcus Aureus
32
Bacilli
Prokaryotic; Rod Shaped
33
Bacillus Anthracis
Rod shaped; Known as Anthrax; Naturally occurs
34
Spirochetes
Prokaryotic; Spiral Shaped
35
What is the most famous spirochete and what is the common name?
Treponema Pallidum; Known as syphilis.
36
What prokaryotic shape of bacteria is unusual?
Prokaryotic; Square bacteria
37
T OR F: Square Bacteria cause disease.
False
38
Where do square bacteria grow?
They grow in H2O w/ high salt content
39
Coccobacillus
Prokaryotic; In between a rod (bacillus) and a sphere (cocci) : short rod
40
What is the most famous coccobacillus?
Brucella
41
Who studies brucella?
The Department of Agriculture
42
Pleomorphism
Prokaryotic; All different shapes
43
Examples of Pleomorphism
Amoebas
44
What is a mycoplasm
A pleomorphism; bacteria that can feel like a cold
45
Hypha
Eukaryotic; thread-like; cars in a train
46
How can we see Hyphae?
To see 1: Microscope. To see many: Visible to the naked eye.
47
Mycelia
Eukaryotic; Pile of filaments
48
T OR F: Fungi can be filaments or yeast.
True
49
What shape are yeasts?
Eukaryotic; Egg-Shaped
50
Saccharomyces
Eukaryotic; Make bread & wine
51
T OR F: Saccharomyces cause disease.
False
52
Dimorphism
able to produce hyphae or yeast
53
T OR F: Protozoa are all different shapes
True
54
Protozoa
Eukaryotic; One-celled organisms
55
Algae
Eukaryotic; One-celled organisms
56
What are multiple algae called?
Filaments
57
What is the only algae infection?
Protothecosis
58
Peptidoglycan
Prokaryotic cell wall component; made of polymer
59
T OR F: Phospholipids are a cell wall component of both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.
True
60
Porosity
Ability to allow things in
61
Gram positive Cell Wall
Cytoplasmic Membrane --> Wall --> THICK peptidoglycan
62
Gram negative Cell Wall
Cytoplasmic Membrane --> THIN peptidoglycan --> lipid polysaccharide
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Pilus
spike of protein; attached to prokaryotic cell wall
64
Fimbriae
Help bacteria attach; smaller and more common
65
Sex Pili
In prokaryotes; 1 or 2; transfer DNA from 1 cell to another
66
Fungal Wall
Eukaryotic cell wall component; made of chitin
67
T OR F: Chitin is a eukaryotic cell wall component made up off n-acetlylglucosaminex repeated over and over again.
True
68
Algal Wall
Eukaryotic cell wall component; made of cellulose
69
Pectin
Eukaryotic cell component; A soluble fiber; able to buy in stores; makes jellies
70
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Eukaryotic cell component; Shell made of glass
71
T OR F: Unit membranes are only in prokaryotes
False; Unit membrane is a structure of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
72
Unit Membrane
2 layers of membrane; like a sandwich
73
Mesosome
Prokaryotic; Involved with cell wall synthesis and DNA
74
T OR F: Thylakoids and Chlorosomes are bacteria that can do photosynthesis
True
75
Sterol
Eukaryotic; Steroid; group of chemicals
76
Pellicle
Layer of protozoa that gives them their shape
77
T OR F: Calcium Carbonate makes up the shell of some protozoa
True
78
Endoplasmic Reticulum
membrane within a eukaryotic cell; holds ribosomes and transports
79
T OR F: ER is famous for synthesis
True
80
Miscellaneous contents in prokaryotes
Enzymes, chemicals compounds, ribosomes
81
Svedburg Unit
A measure of a particle's size indirectly based on its sedimentation rate under acceleration (70s)
82
Nucleoid
Prokaryotic; Area of the cell where we find DNA; circle in nucleus
83
Plasmids
Prokaryotic; small circles of DNA
84
Inclusion Bodies
Prokaryotic; non-living chemical particles of aggregated protein
85
Granules/Crystals
Prokaryotic; used for storage
86
Miscellaneous content in Eukaryotes
Chemical compounds, enzymes, ribosomes (may be stuck to ER)
87
Organelles
Eukaryotic; Structures in a cell; Nucleus; visible under regular microscope
88
Nucleus
Eukaryotic; able to see under microscope
89
Histones
protein in nucleus
90
Nucleolus
darker spot in nucleus; synthesis of RNA
91
Plasmids
Eukaryotic; DNA molecule
92
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Energy producers
93
Golgi bodies
Membrane stacks; pancake like
94
Cytoplasmic streaming
Eukaryotic; Ability to create rivers of fluid that allow material to move quickly through the cell
95
Ultracentrifuge
Separates particles and molecules based on their density
96
Phototrophs
make chemical compounds using energy from light
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Autotrophs
Like naturally occurring chemicals that contain energy ex. Sulfur
98
Heterotrophs
Able to break down big molecules like sugar
99
Reproduction
helps organisms suceed
100
Binary Fission
asexual; organism gets big then splits
101
Asexual Reproduction
offspring produced by 1 single parents
102
Haploid
only 1 copy of genetic material
103
Sporulation
method of survival; bacterium turn into spores under extreme conditions
104
Endospore
Spore inside mother cell
105
Bacillus and Clostridium
producers of spores
106
T OR F: Clostridium is famous in healthcare
True
107
Budding
Yeast pops off smaller babies
108
Symbioses
Interactions between cells
109
Endosymbiotic Relationships
Organism grows in another
110
Ectosymbiotic Relationship
organism attaches to another
111
Mutualism
both members benefit
112
Commensalism
only 1 member benefits
113
Parasitic
1 individual is harmed
114
Motility
ways to get around
115
Chemotaxis
movement to or away from a chemical; response
116
Swarming
billions of bacteria migrate together; dangerous
117
Proteus
causes UTI; swarmer; genus of gram-negative bacteria
118
Pseudomonas
swarmer
119
Flagella
protein filament that moves bacteria around
120
Peritrichous
Cell covered in flagella
121
Monotrichous
cell has 1 flagella
122
Lophotrichous
1 flagella at 1 end
123
Amphitrichous
1 flagella at either end
124
Spirochetes/Axial Filaments
Turn like a screw
125
Gliding bacteria
move like a snail
126
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria; blue green algae
127
Flagella
1 in Eukaryotes
128
Cilia
short flagella
129
Cytoplasmic streaming
fluid in a cell
130
T OR F: Amoebas use cytoplasmic streaming to move
True
131
Endoplasm
inside
132
Ectoplasm
Outside
133
Pseudopodia
Foot-like
134
Compound
multiple lenses
135
brightfield
circle of bright light
136
objective lense
piece closest to the specimen (10x, 40x, 100x)
137
Ocular Lense
Lens you look through (eyepiece)
138
Real Image
picture the microscope sees
139
Virtual Image
Picture Imagined by your brain
140
Magnification
power
141
Resolving Power
shortest distance 2 objects can be seen
142
Numerical Aperture
Mathematical function; The higher numerical aperture the better resolving power
143
Wavelength
determines visibility
144
T OR F: Blue and Violet make the worst picture
False; actually the opposite
145
Refractive Index
Light refracting off lense in all directions
146
Condenser and Diaphragm
allows a specific amount of light in
147
Dyes
chemical that gives cells color
148
Chromophore group
Gives dye its color
149
Auxochrome group
makes dye stick to cell
150
T OR F: Cells are covered w carboxyl group
True
151
Basic Dyes
Crystal Violet. Safranin. Malachite green, Methylene Blue
152
Simple Staining
1 dye
153
Complex Staining
sees characteristics of cells
154
Differential staining
more than 1 dye used to see differences in cells
155
Acid-Fast stain
identifies acid fast (or non-acid fast) organisms
156
Mycobacterium
Acid Fast; tuberculosis
157
Acid-Fast Staining
Primary Stain: carbol-fuschin (red)
Decolorizer: acid alcohol
Counterstain (secondary stain): methylene blue
158
Gram Stain
Determines gram + and gram - stains
159
Gram Stain process
Primary stain: Crystal violet
Mordant: Iodine
Decolorizer: Alcohol
Counterstain (secondary stain): Safranin
160
Darkfield Microscopy
light bounces off the object to the eye
161
Darkfield condensor
Produces circle of light
162
Negative staining
stains behind cells; not actual cells
163
Phase Contrast Microscopy
Special Condensors and Objectives: increase contrast between cell parts
LightRays: direct-pass through indirect-retarded/affected by light
164
Bright Phase Microscopy
Brighter Image
165
Dark Phase microscopy
Darker image
166
T OR F: Fluorescent Microscopy is important w disease and diagnoses
True
167
Fluorescent Microscopy
Fluorochrome: increased wavelength when light beam bounces off
Ex) auramine o, acridine orange, fluorescein, rhodamine, ethidium bromide
168
Fluorescent Microscope
Darkfield microscope that makes UV light
Mercury Lamp: UV, Violet, Bluelight
Immunofluorescence: Antibodies bind to germ
Dyes: fluorescein, isothiocyanate (green), rhodamine (yellow.
169
Electron Microscope
Most powerful
Vacuum: specimen is dead and dried
Electron beam: light bulb; through machine
Electromagnetic Coils: brings a specific focus
Fluorescent Screen: helps someone see the picture
170
EM Types
Transmission EM (2D) & Scanning EM (3D)
171
Preparation types for EM
Chemicals Used: Fixing- osmium tetroxide or glutaraldehyde Staining-uranyl acetate, lead citrate, or lead hydroxide Coating-platinum
172
Whole Mount for EM
for small specimen
173
Copper Grid for EM
Holds sample; diameter of pencil eraser; background coated (negative stain)
174
Metal Stains for EM
Coats Specimen (positive stain)
175
Shadow casting for EM
Metal atoms sprayed at an angle on specimen
176
Ultrathin Sectioning for EM
Thin Section of Specimen
177
Ultramicrotome for EM
Small thin section of specimen
178
Freeze Fracturing for EM
Sample is frozen, cracked, sprayed w metal then a mold is made
179
Sterilization
removal of all life forms
180
disinfection
Removal of all vegetative life (Cells)
181
disinfectant
agent; method to killing germs; cant kill spores
182
Antiseptic
Disinfectants gentle enough to use on body
183
Aseptic technique
Method that keeps things free from being infected
184
Moist Heat
Method that uses steam/baking and causes coagulation of molecules
185
Autoclaving
Method that steams under pressure and is a type of sterilization; 120 degrees centigrade with 15lb of pressure per square inch; like a pressure cooker
186
Pasteurization
Method Kills vegetative pathogens at 60 degree centigrade for 10 minutes; used for liquids like milk where most germs die but not all
187
Dry Heat
Method that dehydrates cells and kills them 180 degrees centigrade for 2 hours; sterilizes scalpels
188
Extreme Cold
Method for preservation; kills some cells and stops some cells from growing
189
Lyophilization or Freeze Drying
modern method of preservation of degradable material; quick freeze then vacuumed; turns liquid to gas & dehydrates cells
190
Filtration
Methods of removing certain cells
191
Nitrocellulose Filters
Most common; doest not allow germ cells through
192
Radiation
causes mutations
193
Ultraviolet Light
Causes skin cancer; good for non porous surfaces; found in nature
194
Ionizing Radiation
penetrates germs and makes disposable medical supplies sterile
195
Phenols
Are antiseptic
196
Lysol
main ingredient in antiseptics; destroys proteins and enzymes; harsh on the body
197
Camphophenique
mineral oil w phenol good for bug bites
198
Alcohols
Isopropanol (common rubbing) and ethanol (drinking)
199
Halogens
Inactive sulfhydro groups
200
Iodine and Chlorine
Damage sulfhydro groups (chlorine is an important weapon)
201
Peroxide
H2O2 Hydrogen Peroxide used on cuts
202
Surface Active Agents
Increase miscibility of molecules
203
Miscibility
Molecules ability to mix
204
Soaps
Enable oil and water to mix; Sodium or Potassium salts of fatty acids
205
Detergents
synthetic; hydrophobic & hydrophilic ends
206
Alkylating Agents
Formaldehyde, Formalin (antimicrobial agent), and glutaraldehyde (alkyl group that gets added to amino acids to kill cells)
207
Ethylene Oxide
Sterilizes disposable products
208
Heavy Metals
Hg, Ag, Pb, Cd, and Zn (may all be toxic)
209
Chemotherapy
Chemicals to kill germs not patient
210
Antibiotics
made by microorganisms to kill/inhibit
211
Bacillus and Streptomyces
bacteria
212
Penicillium and Cephalosporium
Fungi
213
Antibiotic Characteristic: Broad Spectrum
works against gram + and - bacteria
214
Antibiotic Characteristic: Narrow Spectrum
very powerful but only against few species
215
Antibiotic Characteristic: Bactericidal
Kill bacteria
216
Antibiotic Characteristic: Bacteriostatic
Slow/Stop growth of germ; don't kill streptomysin
217
Indirect Toxicity
Allergy
218
Direct Toxicity
Destruction of Sensitive Tissue
219
Topic Use
on the skin
220
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
not toxic to humans
221
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Peptidoglycan
Penicillin and Cephalosporin (treats ranges of infections)
222
Inhibitors of Cell Membrane Function
Amphotericin B: binds to sterol and fungal membrane; treats fungal infections
Polymyxins: acts a cationic detergent against bacteria
223
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Streptomycin
aminoglycoside antibiotic; treats TB
224
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Chloramphenicol
Acts as an antibiotic
225
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis: Tetracycline
Goes into bone; turns bone yellow; popular in dentistry
226
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Rifampicin
Interferes w/ RNA polymerase; bacteria
227
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Griseofulvin
For fungi; prescribed for really bad infections
228
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: 5-iodo-2-dyoxyuridine (azidothymidine: AZT)
1st discovered chemical to inhibit AIDS
229
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Acyclovir
Herpes; slows polymerase and decreases severity
230
Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Interferon
Part of the immune system; tells uninfected cells to protect themselves
231
Antimetabolites: Sulfanimide
Chemical used like an antibiotic; interferes w/ synthesis of Folic acid
232
T OR F: Cells need folic acid to live
True
233
Antibiotics in Animal Feed
Biggest use of antibiotics; helps animals grow bigger faster and healthier
234
Impermeability
Aware of the grown resistance
235
Mutations
Growing faster; change in DNA sequence of organism
236
Plasmids
Natural "antibiotic" resistance
237
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (Tube Dilution Antibody Disc Test)
Series of tubes w different concentration of products to see which tubes show growth
238
Disc Diffusion
Isolating germs on petri dish, swab petri dish w antibiotics, look for zone w no growth
239
Growth in prokaryotes
1 cell, eats, gets big, splits in half
240
Single Cell studies
watching 1 cell until it splits
241
Synchronized Cultures
watching big group of cells
242
Environmental manipulations: temperature
raising and lowering temp
243
Environmental manipulations: Photosynthesis
adding and removing light to slow or speed photosynthesis
244
Environmental manipulations: germination
Making spores and then putting them in a new media
245
Environmental manipulations: Starvation
lack of food then adding food and so on
246
Membrane Filter
organisms grow and are rinsed on membrane filter new cells stay old cells go
247
Density Configuration
Old and young cells are separated by density
248
Cell Envelope and Division in Cocci:
Wall bands: belly button Wall notch: indentation Septum: wall that divides two cells
249
Cell envelope and division in Rod shaped bacteria
Multiple Sites: Septum: Wall that divides 2 cells Minicells: Don't have genes
250
Growth in Eukaryotes
G1: prep S: DNA translation G2: migration of nucleus M: Mitosis
251
Media
food for microorganisms
252
Broth
Liquid; sometimes edible
253
Agar
Semisolid food for microorganisms derived from kelp
254
Population Growth
group of cells
255
batch culture
large number of bacteria; closed system
256
Lag phase
Time to adjust to new environment
257
Logarithmic Or Exponential Phase
Growth that happens quickly
258
Stationary Phase
Tube may be polluted; growth slows
259
Death and Decline phase
Cells start dying off
260
Geometric or Exponential Growth
starts with 1 bacteria and continues doubling 1-->2-->4-->8 etc.
261
Doubling time or generation time
Time needed to double
262
Continuous Culture
open system ex) creek
263
Chemostat
makes continuous culture
264
Turbidostat
Computer controlled to determine what the specimen needs to stay alive
265
Hyperbolic Curve
Not enough food; cell that lack food decrease in size
266
Structural Changes w starvation
Limit to growth even w infinite food
267
Diauxic curve
giving new food once the other stops showing grother
268
Shift Up experiment
Sudden enrichment of food
269
Shift down experiment
sudden disenrichment of food
270
Biomass
measured growth and weight
271
Bioessay
Detects substance and determines toxicity of chemicals by looking at growth of living material
272
Petroff-Hausser counter
3 inch long slide with graph paper, adding a drop of liquid and counting bacteria on one square and input into equation
273
Colony Count
counts live cells
274
Spread plate technique
Spreading sample on plate of agar
275
Pour tube technique
Sample put into melted agar and grows
276
Coulter Counter
Hospital method to measure electrical resistance; determines cell size and number
277
Photometer or Spectrophotmeter
Group of machines that use light
278
Colorimeter
Tube goes in machine with samples and light reaches the sample. What ever light gets through hits the photodetector and gives a number that determines the clarity of specimen
279
Optical Density
Cloudiness of a specimen
280
Cell Mass
how heavy cells are
281
chemical methods
measures chemical found in ATP which can measure live cells
282
Metabolic Method
measures how much of a natural chemical is used
283
BODtrak
measures H2O in sample
284
Factors Affecting Growth: Temperature
Organisms prefer certain temperatures
285
Psychrophiles
Organisms that prefer cold temps (frozen to 20 degrees centigrade)
286
Thermophiles
Organisms that prefer heat (40-100 degrees centigrade)
287
Mesophiles
Organisms that grow in midrange temperature (25-40 degrees centigrade)
288
Osmotic Pressure
Concentration of Molecules
289
Halophiles
organisms that love salt
290
Hydrostatic Pressure
pressure on a column of water at the top and bottom of the column
291
Barbiology
study of hydrostatic pressure
292
Barotolerant
organisms that grow under low pressure but can tolerate higher pressures
293
Barophilic
Organisms that grow under high pressure
294
Facultative Barophiles
Organisms that grow under low and high pressures
295
Alkalophiles
organisms that love high pH environments
296
Neutrophiles
organisms that love pH environments between 4 and 9
297
Acidophiles
organisms that love low pH environments
298
OxidationReduction (Eh)
important for life; measurable by machine
299
Sulfhydryl Groups
chemicals that consist of sulfur and hydrogen
300
Low pH
associated w low Eh
301
Anaerobic Environment
lacks O2; low Eh and pH
302
Plas-Labs
anaerobic chambers
