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Microbiology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

basic components of microscope

A
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2
Q

resolving power

A

shortest distance two objects can be seen

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3
Q

numerical aperture

A

mathematical function; the higher the numerical aperture, the higher the resolving power

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4
Q

oil immersion

A

increase resolution & clarity of microscopic images; place 4 drops of oil at each corner near specimen

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5
Q

parfocal

A

ability to stay concentrated as the user switches objective lenses

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6
Q

calculation of the power

A

eye piece: 10x
objective lenses: 4x, 10x, 100x
multiply eye piece by objective lens

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7
Q

cell configuration

A

how cells are arranged

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8
Q

the microscope in microbiology: bacterias used

A

escherichia coli, staphylococcus epidermidis, bacillus subtilis

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9
Q

the microscope in microbiology: motility

A

cells must be viable & unstained; individual cells that are motile, travel many cell lengths in distances from each other

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10
Q

the microscope in microbiology: motility: what animal can we compare motility to?

A

tadpoles

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11
Q

the microscope in microbiology: are unstained bacteria easy to observe with the microscope and why? what cell configuration did you observe for each organism?

A

no because bacteria may be transparent and must be dyed to be visible
E. Coli: single straight rods
S. epidermidis: single spherical
B. subtilis: single rods, chains, and clusters

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12
Q

autochthonous

A

referring to a microorganism that is native to a location

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13
Q

allochthonous

A

referring to a microorganism that is not native to a site

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14
Q

aerobe

A

microorganism that needs oxygen for growth

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15
Q

anaerobe

A

microorganism that can thrive in environments without any oxygen

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16
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

a microorganism that can grow under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

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17
Q

methods for growing anaerobes

A

anaerobic chamber or glove box, anaerobic jar, roll tube, and thioglycate broth tube

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18
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: methods used

A

air. armpit, throat sink

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19
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: incubation conditions

A

place plate upside down; 37 degrees centigrade for 18-24 hours

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20
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: post-incubation period

A

store at 4 degrees centigrade until the next week

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21
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: sink results

A

hundreds of colonies; large, white, & clumped;

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22
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: mouth results

A

hundreds of colonies; clear, tiny, spread apart

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23
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: armpit results

A

few colonies; big colonies;

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24
Q

testing the environment for microorganisms: air results

A

fewest; large, clear

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25
testing the environment for microorganisms: Why would the air not produce many colonies
microorganism don't usually live in the air; it doesn't have water or nutrients
26
testing the environment for microorganisms: T OR F: Anywhere there is moisture microorganisms can be found
True
27
testing the environment for microorganisms: microbes that are rare in nature
you won't see all of the possible types; some may need specific pH, temperature, may need oxygen, nutrients (media), transportation errors/ process of collecting, and germs may grow too slowly.
28
testing the environment for microorganisms: did all the microorganisms get sampled during environment
no, there are many variations and differences in how microorganisms grow
29
colony
a large group of cells produced from one cell
30
pure culture
culture of only one strain
31
working under a flame
microbiologists work under the flame of a gas burner which provides an updraft so microbes in the air don't fall inside materials such as tubes and plates
32
aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: bacteria used
escherichia coli serratia marcescens
33
aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: 3 different methods
agar slant tube, nutrient agar plates, tubes of broth
34
aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: tubes of broth
mix a loopful of bacteria mix into broth tube
35
aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: agar slant tube
mix a loopful of bacteria and touch to the base starting at the lowest point of the slant and wiggle and draw it up from side to side to the highest point
36
aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: agar nutrient plate
important for pure culture; obtain loopful of S. marcescens and make a streak plate; incubate at room temperature
37
aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: growth
cloudy shows growth; clear means no growth
38
aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: Did all the colonies look identical?
No, there was variation in size and remember
39
aeseptic technique
method; keeps things free from being infected
40
mixed culture
variety of strains; opposite of pure culture
41
contaminant
substance that makes something impure
42
aeseptic technique and culture inoculation: how can something become contaminated
by not using aeseptic technique; not hand washing, not flaming loop, etc
43
stain or dye
organic compound with chromophore group (gives color) and auxochrome group (gives + or - charge)
44
basic dyes
crystal violet, safranin red, malachite green, and methylene blue; used in staining because cells have chemical groups with negative groups
45
What is the charge of crystal violet, safranin red, malachite green, and methylene blue?
positive
46
simple staining: bacteria used
bacillus subtilis staphylococcus epidermidis escherichia coli
47
simple staining
technique that uses only 1 stain
48
simple staining: what do you think is the purpose of heat-fixing bacteria to a slide for staining?
heat fixes so it does not wash off
49
differential staining
gram stain & acid-fast or ziehl-neelsen stain
50
structural staining
spore stain & flagella stain
51
cell biochemicals that effecting staining
peptidoglycan, lipids, and capsule polysaccharide
52
special staining technique: bacteria used
escherichia coli staphylococcus epidermidis bacillus subtilis (old culture) klebsiella pneumonia
53
gram positive
purple
54
gram negative
red
55
T OR F: gram stain is also a "differential staining"
true
56
what are you staining in a negative stain
the background
57
What drug/bacteria is involved with differential (acid -fast) stain?
Escherichia Coli (S. epidermidis)
58
What drug/bacteria is involved with structural stain?
B. subtilis
59
What drug/bacteria is involved with negative?
Klebsiella
60
special staining: why do we heat fix spore cultures?
to kill the spore so we can see the malachite green
61
special staining: What is the purpose and nature of the acid-fast staining procedure which was not done in this lab session?
to stain bacteria with tough waxy cell walls
62
acid-fast staining process
stain slide with carbon-fuschsin (red) which is retained by acid-fast bacteria, then treated with decolonized (acid alcohol) washing out red stain , then counter-stained with methylene blue and stains non-acid-fast. Acid alcohol - can't wash out wax wall (tough). Allows to distinguish between acid-fast and non-acid fast bacteria
63
autoclaving
steam under pressure in chamber (121 centrigrade, 15 lb/in^2, 15 minutes minimum) will destroy ALL microbes
64
pasteurization
heating in a water bath at 63 centrigrade for 30 minutes and destroys MOST pathogens
65
dry heat
baking 160-180 centigrade for 1-2 hours will destroy ALL microbes
66
filtration
sterile nitrocellulose filters w .45 um pores are good to remove cells from heat sensitive liquids
67
UV light
UV lamps are frequently used to disinfect laboratory surfaces
68
ultrasound
high frequency sound is used in machines to clean instruments or break cells, do not sterilize
69
Common Physical Agents: bacteria used
E. coli
70
Common Physical Agents: methods of sanitation/sterilization
control, sonication, and autoclaving
71
What is the most effective method of microbe destruction?
Autoclaving
72
Common Physical Agents: incubation method
37 degrees centigrade overnight
73
Common Physical Agents: results of physical agents
control: +, showed growth sonication: +, showed growth autoclaving: -, did not show growth
74
Common Physical Agents: What types of radiation besides UV light can be used to kill bacteria?
autoclaving, pasteurization, dry heat, filtration, & ultrasound
75
disinfectants
phenols, chlorine, and glutaraldehyde
76
antiseptics
ethanol and isopropanol
77
chemical used for sterilization
ethylene oxide gas
78
chemicals that remove/stop microorganisms
soaps & detergents
79
Common Chemical Agents: bacteria used
e. coli
80
What disinfectant are you able to use on the skin?
antiseptic
81
common chemical agents: what do you conclude about the relative effectiveness of the chemical agents you tested
soap: nothing NaCl: nothing Ethanol: slight effect Bleach: killed all microorganisms
82
colony count
samples of diluted culture are spread over surfaces of agar in petri plates. After incubation the # of colonies can be used to calculate cell concentration
83
petroff-hausser counter
engraved grid on microscope slide is used for counting cells in a known volume
84
spectrophotometer
cell concentration can be determined in this device by measuring the light absorbed
85
coulter counter
cell # and size can be determined in this machine which measures electrical resistance
86
cell mass
dry or wet weight gives an estimate of the number of cells
87
metabolic methods
oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced can indicate microbial growth
88
Cell Concentration Assay: colony count method: bacteria used
E. coli
89
What is the ideal amount of colonies in cell concentration assay?
30-300 colonies
90
What is the limit to the concentration?
10^7; maybe 10^9
91
Cell Concentration Assay: does this assay method detect every cell body spread on a plate and why?
Some could be dead (many generations of bacteria) If there is a cluster of different bacteria —> will only make one type of colony (can get lost here)
92
Cell Concentration Assay: methods quicker than cell concentration assay
Petroff-Hausser counter, coulter counter, spectrophotometer
93
Simple Stain Unknown
Bacillus Negative: Red Singles, Pairs, Cluster

Microbiology (6 decks)

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