Exam 1 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
isomerism
A
different compounds having same arrangement of atoms
2
Q
constitutional isomer
A
atoms connected differently
- same atoms in different order
3
Q
stereoisomers
A
atoms bonded in same order
- differ only in arrangement of atoms in space
4
Q
geometric isomers
A
have double bond
5
Q
cis geometric isomers
A
on same side of double bond
6
Q
trans geometric isomers
A
on different sides of double bond
7
Q
can double bonds rotate
A
no
8
Q
can single bonds rotate
A
yes
9
Q
________ to have O- because
A
better
- more electronegative
10
Q
major and minor based on
A
C
- more stable and octet = major
11
Q
increase electronegative
A
increase dipole
12
Q
electronegativity increases as
A
go right on table
13
Q
size of molecule
A
- dipole moment decrease as get bigger
- increase as go down
14
Q
red
A
more electronegative
15
Q
intermolecular forces
A
- dipole-dipole
- hydrogen bonding
- london dispersion forces
16
Q
hydrogen bonding
A
FUN only
- OH or NH groups
17
Q
dipole-dipole
A
attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule
18
Q
london dispersion
A
- nonpolar
- always in mlc
- temporary dipole moment
19
Q
greatest surface area
A
increased boiling point
20
Q
polar dissolves in
A
polar solvent
21
Q
nonpolar dissolves in
A
nonpolar solvent
22
Q
ionic
A
polar
23
Q
hydration
A
releases energy
24
Q
entropy
A
increases energy
25
C and N
nonpolar
26
Arrhenius acid
- dissociate in water to give H3O+
- stronger acids dissociate to a greater degree than weaker acids
27
acidity
- increases across row and down period
28
Arrhenius base
dissociate in water to give hydroxide ions
- stronger bases dissociate more than weaker bases
29
bronsted lowry acids
donate proton
30
bronsted lowry base
accept proton
31
Bronsted changes
how something dissociates
- NOT PH
32
conjugate acid
adds H
33
conjugate base
lose H
34
Ka
acid-dissociation constant
35
Kb
base-dissociation constant
36
equilibrium position
- left: reactants
- right: products
37
_____ affects acidic and basicity
- solvent
38
water
amphoteric, can react with acid and base
39
electronegativity and pKa
more electronegative element bears negative charge more easily
- give more stable conjugate base and stronger acid
40
increase electronegativity
- increase weakness of acidic bond
41
increase acidity
increase electronegativity
42
effect of size on pKa
- size increases, bond weakens, acidity increases
- increases as you go down table
43
inductive effects on acidity
- electron-withdrawing atoms and groups can stabilize conjugate base through sigma bonds of the molecule
44
magnitude of inductive effect
- depends on the number of bonds between electronegativity element and site of negative charge
45
bigger inductive effect
weaker bond
- more electronegative
46
electron-withdrawing groups
- stabilize the anion of the conjugate base more than weaker groups do, leading to stronger acids
47
how hard H is to get off
how inductive donors pull H in the more charged they are
48
hybridization effect on acidity
- diff hybrid states strongly influence acidity
- stability of base
- sp3
49
order of importance
electroneg, inductive, hybridization
50
Lewis acids
- electrophile
- can accept electrons
51
lewis base
nucleophile
- have electrons available to donate and form new bond
52
hydrocarbons
compounds composed entirely of carbons and hydrogens
53
alkanes
entirely single-bonded
54
cycloalkanes
- alkanes in form of a ring
- only hydrogen-carbon and C-C
55
Alkenes
- carbon-carbon double bond
56
cycloalkenes
rings with C=C
57
Alkynes
triple bond between C
58
Aromatic
derivatives of benzene
59
functional groups with oxygen
- alcohols
- ethers
- aldehydes
- ketones
- carboxylic
60
alcohols
- OH off of central C
- soluble
61
ethers
- 2 alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen
- O in middle
62
aldehydes
- C double bonded to O, single bonded to H
- terminal
63
ketones
- not terminal
- O double bonded by C
- No H
64
Carboxylic acid
- COOH
- terminal group, terminal function
65
acid chloride
- CL bonded to central C, double bonded to O
66
Ester
O=C-Or
67
amides
C-NH2
68
amines
NH3
- can have lone pair
69
amides
combo of acid with ammonia or amine
70
primary amides
c-NH2
71
secondary amides
C-NHR
72
tertiary amide
C-NR2
73
nitriles
- R-C=-N
- always terminal function
- has cyano group
- strongly polar
- soluble in water
74
Alkyne halide
- CH2-Cl or Br
- halogen with carbon chain
75
if linear dipole moment of
0
76
methalyn group
CH2 group
77
meth
1
78
eth
2
79
prop
3
80
but
4
81
pen
5
82
hex
6
83
hept
7
84
oct
8
85
non
9
86
doc
10
87
IUPAC
o Find longest (not always linear) chain on carbons with most sub and name with number
o Number longest chain, starting from sub
o Group has lowest number
o Start with sub
o Prefix doesn’t impact alphabetical order
88
substant
off of regular chain
89
di
1 carbon in sub
90
tri
2 C in sub
91
tetra
3 C in sub
92
penta
5 C in sub
93
Hexa
6 C in sub
94
hepta
7 C in sub
95
octa
8 C in sub
96
nona
9 C in sub
97
deca
10 C in sub
98
methane
tetrahedral
99
boat/twist boat
less stable than chair formation
100
only H
no cis or trans
101
cyclohexane
always chair
102
axial
bonds vertical
- want bigger group in axial
103
newman projection
- best way to judge to stability of the different conformations of a molecule
104
newman projection circle
back carbon
105
eclipsed
more steric strength
- energy highest
- unstable
106
most stable conformation
anti
- 180 between methyl groups
107
cyclohexane
- chair conformation and seat
- want biggest subsequence being the lowest number
108
axial bonds
vertically parallel to the axid of the ring
109
equatorial bonds
directed outward toward to equator of the molecule
- becomes axial bonds when flipped
110
most stable between axial and equatorial bonds
- biggest subsequence in equatorial
111
dashes
away
112
wedges
toward
113
