Exam 1 Flashcards
(310 cards)
1
Q
what are the types of microorganisms (7)
A
bacteria
archaea
fungi
protozoa
algae
virus
multicellular animal parasite
2
Q
what type of cell walls do bacteria have
A
peptidoglycan
3
Q
how do bacteria reproduce
A
binary fission
4
Q
how do bacteria make energy
A
organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
5
Q
are archaea prokaryotic or eukaryotic
A
prokaryotic
6
Q
what do archaea lack
A
peptidoglycan
7
Q
what type of environment do archaea live in
A
extreme
methanogens
extreme halophiles
extreme thermophiles
8
Q
are fungi eukaryotes or procaryotes
A
eukaryotes
9
Q
what type of cell wall do fungi have
A
chitin cell wall
10
Q
are protozoa eukaryotes or prokaryotes
A
eukaryotes
11
Q
is algae prokaryotes or eukaryotes
A
eukaryotes
12
Q
what type of cell wall does algae have
A
cellulose cell wall
13
Q
viruses are ______
A
acellular
14
Q
explain what viruses contain and what they are surrounded by
A
consist of DNA and RNA core and the core is surrounded by a protein coat and that coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
15
Q
viruses are _______ only when they are in a living host cell
A
replicate
16
Q
are multicellular organisms prokaryotic or eukaryotic
A
eukaryotic
17
Q
what are the 3 domains on classifying microorganisms
A
1) bacteria
2) archaea
3) eukarya
18
Q
what is fermentation
A
conversion of sugar to alcohol
makes beer and wine
19
Q
what is pasturization
A
is the application of high head for a short time
20
Q
what is chemotherapy
A
treatment with chemicals
21
Q
what are antibiotics
A
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
22
Q
what is bacteriology
A
study of bacteria
23
Q
what is mycology
A
study of fungi
24
Q
what is virology
A
study of viruses
25
what is parasitiology
study of parasites and protozoa
26
what is immunology
study of immunity vaccines and interferons
27
what are interferons
a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, which has the property of inhibiting virus replication
28
what is microbial genetics
the study of how microbes inherit traits
29
what is molecular biology
the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
30
what is genomics
the study of an organisms genes has produced new tools for classifying micro organisms
31
what is recombinant DNA
DNA made from 2 different sources
32
what is microbial ecology
bacteria recycle carbon nutrients, sulfur and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals
33
what is bioremediation
bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage and can degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury
34
what is biotechnology?
the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals
35
how do we utilize recombinant DNA technology
technology for biotech enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins including vax and enzymes
36
what is gene therapy
missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced
37
what are normal microbes
microbes normally present in and on the human body
38
what is resistance
is the ability of the body to ward off disease
39
what are some resistance factors
include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals
40
what causes and what are some diseases that are from TSE (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)
caused by prions (proteins that are infectious)
causes bovine spongiform (mad cow disease)
causes Jakob disease (human mad cow disease)
41
prokaryotes
explain chromosome
membrane?
histones?
organelles?
what type of cell wall
how do they reproduce
1 circular chromosome
not in a membrane
no histones
no organelles
peptidoglycan cell wall if bacteria
pseudomurein cell wall if archaea
binary fission (clones)
42
eukaryotes
explain chromosomes
membrane?
histones?
organelles?
what type of cell wall
how do they reproduce
paired chromosomes
in nuclear membrane
has histones
has organelles
polysaccride cell wall
mitotic spindle for mitosis and meiosis
43
are most bacteria monomorphic or pleomorphic and what does that mean
most are monomorphic (single shape and dont change) a a few are pleomorphic (can change shape during life cycle)
44
shape
what is bacillus mean
rod shaped
45
shape
what is coccus mean
spherical
46
shape
what is spirillum
cork screw shape appearance
47
shape
what is vibrio
they are comma shape bacteria with less than one complete turn or twist in cell
48
arrangement
what are pairs (name)
di- tri- ect
49
arrangement
what are cluster (name)
staphylo-
50
arrangement
what are chain (name)
strepto-
51
what do prokaryotic cells have to have
cytoplasm
ribosomes
plasma membrane
nucleoid containing DNA
52
what is glycocalyx
outside cell wall that is sticky and has a capsule that is neatly organized. capsule prevent phagocytosis and the extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
53
explain flagella
outside cell wall
made of chains of flagellum
attached to a protein hook
anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
54
what are axiel filaments and what are they also called
aka endoflagella
in spirochetes (rotation causes cell to move-twirls like corescrew)
anchored at 1 degree end of cell
55
what is fimbriae and pili
fimbriae allow attachment
pili facilitate transfer of DNA from 1 cell to another, has gliding motility and twitching motility
56
what does the cell wall prevent
osmotic lysis (cell burst)
57
what is the cell wall made of in bacteria
peptioglycan
58
explain peptidoglycan in bacteria
does gram negative or gram positive has alot
cell wall that is a polymer of disaccharide
has N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
has N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
gram + have a lot
gram - have little
59
explain peptidoglycan in gram + bacteria
linked in polypeptides
NAG and NAM thick and hardier in environment
60
explain peptidoglycan in gram - bacteria
NAG, NAM and lipopolysaccharide
thin peptidoglycan outer membrane, periplasmic space
61
why is LPS layer important in gram - bacteria
LPS layer is important and can to toxins if killed by antibodies
extra LPS layer which has O polysaccrides
62
what type of acid does gram + have in it and what does it do
what else does gram + bacteria have in it and what does it do
teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acid
teichoic acid (wall) links peptidoglycan
lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
may regulate movement of cations
polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
63
explain gram - outer membrane and why its important to the cell
protection from phagocytosis complement and antibodies
O polysaccharides antigen
lipid A is an endotoxin
Prions (protein) form channels through membrane
64
how does gram stain work
how does if differentiate between gram + and -
crystal violet iodine crystals form in cell (first step in staining)
gram += alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan therefore CV-1 crystals do not leave (dark purple)
gram -= alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in the peptidoglycan therefore CV-1 washes out (pink)
65
overview of gram + cell wall
how many ring basal body
disrupted by what
what is it sensitive to
2 ring basal body
disrupted by lysozyme
penicillin sensitive
66
overview of gram - cell wall
how many ring basal body
what is it capable of
what is it sensitive to
4 ring basal body
endotoxin
tetracycline sensitive
67
explain archaea cell wall
wall less or walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)
68
explain what happens if there is damage to the cell wall
lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan
we have alot of lysozyme on skin due to it being a natural enzyme
69
what does penicillin do when there is damage to a cell wall
penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
70
define protoplast
wall less cell
71
define spheroplast
wall less gram - cell
72
what are protoplast and spheroplast susceptible to
osmotic lysis
73
define L form
wall less cells that swell into irregular shape
74
explain plasma membrane
what type of bilayer
what type of proteins
what does it do
phospholipid bilayer
peripheral proteins
integral proteins
transmembrane proteins
has selective permeability which allows passage of some molecules
75
what is simple diffusion and where would this happen
plasma membrane
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
76
what is facilitated diffusion and where would this happen
plasma membrane
solute combines with transporter protein
77
what is osmosis
osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration
78
what is osmotic pressure
the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.
79
what is isotonic
no net movement of water (=)
80
what is hypotonic
water moves into cell
osmotic lysis (explode)
81
what is hypertonic
water moved out of cell
plasmolysis (shrink up)
82
what is active transport
req a transporter protein and ATP
83
what is group translocation
req a transporter protein and high energy phosphate compounds
the molecule is modified as it transports into the cell
84
define ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
composed of protein and RNA molecules
85
explain what endospores are and what they are in and what are they resistant to
resting cells- forms and becomes inactive for a while
only in certain gram + bacteria
resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemicals
86
what is sporulation
endospore formation
87
what is germination
return to vegetative state
88
what is a gram - exception to endospores
Coxiella burnetiid is an exception
89
organelle
what is nucleus
contains chromosomes
90
organelle
what is endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
transports network
91
organelle
what is golgi complex
membrane formation and secretion
92
organelle
what is lysosome
digestive enzymes
93
organelle
what is vacuole
brings food into cells
provides support
94
organelle
what is mitochondion
cellular respiration
95
organelle
what is chloroplast
photosynthesis
96
organelle
what is peroxisome
oxidation of fatty acids
destroys hydrogen peroxide
97
organelle
what is centrosome
used in mitosis consists of protein fibers and centrioles
98
cytoplasm
what is cytoplasm membrane
substance inside plasma and outside nucleus
99
cytoplasm
what is cytosol
fluid portion of cytoplasm
100
cytoplasm
what is cytoskeleton
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
101
cytoplasm
what is cytoplasmic streaming
movement of cytoplasm throughout cell
102
eukaryotic nucleus
what is heterochromatin
tightly packed form of DNA
103
eukaryotic nucleus
what is euchromatin
lightly packed form of DNA
104
explain metabolism
the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism
105
explain catabolic
provides energy and building blocks for anabolism
106
explain anabolic
uses energy and building blocks to build larger molecules
107
what is a metabolic pathway
is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reaction in a cell
metabolic pathways are determined by enzymes and enzymes are encoded by genes
108
what are chemical energy sources called
chemotrophs
109
what are light energy sources called
phototrophs
110
chemotrophs that take carbon source and turn it into organic compounds or CO2 what are called what and what do they produce and what uses that source
111
phototrophs that take carbon source and turn it into organic compounds or CO2 what are they called and what do they produce and what uses that source
112
Explain role of ATP coupling reactions
113
enzyme components
what is apoenzyme
protein
114
what is a biological catalyst
specific for a chemical reaction not used up in that reaction
115
enzyme component
what is cofactoring
non protein component
116
enzyme component
what is coenzyme
organic cofactor
117
enzyme component
what is haloenzyme
apoenzyme plus cofactor
118
enzyme component
what does it look like all together
119
name 4 important coenzymes
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
Coenzyme A (CoA)
120
enzyme classification
what is oxidoreductase
oxidation-reduction reactions
121
enzyme classification
what is transferase
transfer functional groups
122
enzyme classification
what is hydrolase
hydrolysis- break apart with H2O
123
enzyme classification
what is lyase
removal of atoms without hydrolysis
124
enzyme classification
what is isomerase
rearrangement of atoms
125
enzyme classification
what is ligase
joining of molecules, uses ATP
126
what are 4 factors that influence enzyme activity
temp
pH
substrate concentration
inhibitors
127
what are the effects of temp on enzyme activity
the enzymatic activity (rate of reaction catalyzed by the enzyme) increases with increasing temp until the enzyme (protein) is denatured by heat and is inactivated. (at that point the reaction rate falls steeply)
128
what is the pH that most microbes like
pH of 5
129
what are the effects of substrate concentration on enzyme activity
substrate concentration increase will also increase the rate of reaction until the active site on all the enzymes molecules are filled at which point the max rate of reaction is filled
130
what is the mechanism of enzymatic action
131
explain enzyme inhibitors the competitive inhibition
adds the competitive inhibitor
132
explain enzyme inhibitors the non competitive inhibitors
has a non-competitive inhibitor that causes a altered active site
133
define oxidation
removal of electrons
134
define reduction
gain of electrons
135
what is a redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
136
explain how ATP generates (where does it come from)
ATP is generated by the phophorylation of ADP
137
explain substrate level phosphorylation
energy from the transfer of high energy PO4- to ADP generates ATP
138
explain oxidative phosphorylation
energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain
139
explain photophosphorylation
light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP
140
what is carbohydrate catabolism
the breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy
141
what is the primary source of cellular energy for microoranisms
oxidation of carbs
142
what is the most common carb for microorganisms
glucose
143
why do microbes catabolize lipids and protein for
energy production
144
what are 4 ways that cells can break down carbs to release energy
glycolysis
krebs cycle
electron transport chain
respiration vs fermentation
145
sum up glycolysis
oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid with the production of some ATP and energy containing NADH
146
sum up the krebs cycle
oxidation of acetyl Coa (a pyruvic acid derivative) to carbon dioxide with the production of some ATP, energy containing NADH and FADH2
147
sum up electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2 are oxidized contributing electrons to a cascade of oxidation-reduction reactions involving additional electron carriers
148
which carbohydrate catabolism generates the most energy
electron transport chain
149
explain cellular respirtation
ATP generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule
150
what are the two types of cellular respiration
aerobic
anaerobic
151
what is the final electron acceptor for aerobic
O2
152
what is the final electron acceptor for anaerobic
molecule besides O2
153
fermentation
explain what it is
what doesnt it req
how much ATP
after glucose has been broken down into pyruvic acid it can be converted into an organic product (NAD+ and NADP are generated and enter into another round of glycosis)
Doesnt req O2 and doesnt require krebs cycle or electron transport chain
uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
produces only small amounts of ATP (bc origial energy in glucose remains in the bonds of the organic end product)
154
What are 2 alternatives to glycolysis
pentose phosphate pathway
entner-doudoroff pathway
155
glycolysis
explain what kinase does
add phosphate groups to a substrate-phosphorylation
156
glycolysis
explain what phosphatase does
removes phosphate group
157
glycolysis
explain what isomerase does
structurally rearranges an isomer
158
glycolysis
explain what dehydrogenase does
removes H+ oxidizes a substrate and move H+ to electron acceptor
159
glycolysis
explain what lipase does
breakdown lipid into their fatty acid and glycerol component
160
to produce energy from glucose microbes use 2 general processes:
respiration and fermentation
161
explain the process of the respiration (left side)
glycolysis-krebs cycle-electron transport chain
162
explain the process of the fermentation process (right side)
glycolysis- fermentation
163
what is the preparatory stage of glycolysis
what happens
1st stage
2 ATP are used
glucose is split to form a 2-glucose-3-phosphate
164
what is the energy conserving stage of glycolysis
what happens
2nd stage
2-glucose-3-phosphate oxidized to pyruvic acid
4 ATP is used
2 NADH produces
165
what is the intermediate step of glycolysis
what happens
3rd stage
pyruvic acid from glycolysis is oxidized and decarbonated
166
after glycolysis what is the next cycle (respiration)
krebs cycle
167
explain krebs cycle
oxidation of acetyl CoA to succinic acid
produces NADH and FADH2 which go on to enter the electron transport chain
a lot of oxidation-reduction reactions
168
after krebs cycle what is the next "cycle" (respiration)
electron transport chain
169
explain electron transport chain
a series of carrier molecules that are in turn oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
energy released can be used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis
170
what are the 3 classes of carrier molecules
flavoproteins
cytochromes
ubiquinone's
171
how does chemiosmotic generate ATP
aerobic
anaerobic
172
what is the ATP yield for aerobic respiration
173
explain aerobic respiration
the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2)
174
explain anaerobic respiration
the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2
175
does aerobic or anaerobic respiration yield less energy and why
anaerobic bc only part of the krebs cycle operate under anaerobic conditions
176
scientific definition of fermentation
release energy from oxidation of organic molecules
doesnt req O2
doesnt use krebs cycle or ETC
uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
177
photosynthesis
photo:
synthesis:
photo: conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP). light dependent light reactions
synthesis: carbon fixation- fixing carbons into organic molecules. light independent (dark) reaction- calvin benson cycle
178
oxygenic photosynthesis
179
anoxygenic photosynthesis
180
metabolic diversity among organisms
sum up different nutritional type
181
define microbial growth
increase in number of CELLS not cell SIZE
increase in population, colonies
182
how is biofilm a self influenced physical condition?
microbes work together to generate an environmental favorable to their growth
183
what is quorum sensing
communication and unique production that microbes use to promote biofilm dispersion, regulate genes involved in biofilm development, and upregulates the synthesis of surfactant molecules
184
bacterial growth curve
explain lag phase
1st phase
intense activity preparing. no increase in population
185
bacterial growth curve
explain log phase
2nd phase
increase in population
186
bacterial growth curve
explain stationary phase
3rd phase
period of equilibrium
microbial death= production of new cells
187
bacterial growth curve
explain death phase
4th phase
population decrease
188
microbial growth
what must media provide
energy
sulfur
carbon
phosphorus
nitrogen
organic growth factors
189
what is purpose of chemically defined media
growth of chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs
190
what is purpose of complex media
growth of most chemoheterotrophic organisms
191
what is purpose of reducing media
growth of obligate anaerobic
192
what is purpose of selective media
decrease unwanted microbes which encourage increase desired microbes
193
what is purpose of differential media
differentiation of colonies of desired microbes from other
194
what is purpose of enrichment media
similar to selective media but designed to increase number of desired microbes
195
what is genetics
the study of what genes are, how they carry info, how info is expressed, and how genes are replicated
196
what is a gene
a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product usually a protein (ORF)
197
what is a chromosome
structure containing DNA that physically carries hereditary info; the chromosomes contain the genes
198
what is a genome
all the genetic info in a cell
199
what is genomics
the molecular study of genomes
200
what is a genotype
the genes of an organism
201
what is a phenotype
expression of the genes
202
genetic information
what is recombination
genetic info can be transferred between bacterial cells of the same generation
203
what are the 4 nucleotides of DNA
Adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine
204
DNA
how many bonds does A-T have between them
2 bonds
205
DNA
how many bonds does C-G have between them
3 bonds
206
explain the structure of a DNA helix
what is it made up
what is the backbone made of
double helix associated with proteins
backbone is deoxyribose phosphate
strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between AT and CG
strands are antiparallel
207
DNA synthesis
what is DNA copied by
DNA polymerase
208
DNA synthesis
what direction does DNA synthesis go
5 prime to 3 prime direction
209
DNA synthesis
how is it initiated
RNA primer
210
what is the strand that is synthesized continuously
leading
211
what is the strand that is synthesized discontinuously
lagging
212
what are the fragments left by lagging strand
okazaki fragments
213
explain DNA synthesis (basic version)
RNA primase are removed and okazaki fragments joined by a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
214
this is a picture of DNA synthesis
try to remember everything
215
explain how bacterial cells are replicated
216
what is DNA gyrase
relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork
217
what is DNA ligase
makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands
joins okazaki fragments and new segments in excision repair
218
what is DNA polymerase
synthesizes DNA
proofreads and repairs DNA
219
what is endonuclease
cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA
facilitate repair and insertions
220
what is exonuclease
cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA
facilitate repair
221
what is helicase
unwinds double stranded DNA
222
what is methylase
adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA
223
what is photolayse
uses visible light energy to separate UV induced pyrimidine dimers
224
what is primase
makes RNA primers from a DNA template
225
what is ribozyme
RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together
226
what is RNA polymerase
transcribes RNA from a DNA template
227
what is snRNP
RNA protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together
228
what is toposomerase
relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork
separate DNA circles at the end of DNA replication
229
what is transposase
cuts DNA backbone leaving single stranded sticky ends
230
what is DNA transcribed to make
RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA)
231
how does transcription begin
when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence
232
how does transcription stop
when it reaches the terminator sequence
233
explain transcription
(up until it reaches terminator sequence)
234
explain transcription
(after terminator sequence)
235
explain RNA processing in Eukaryotic cells
(introns and exons)
236
what is mRNA translated to
codons (3 nucleotides)
237
translation of mRNA begins at the start codon
what is the start codon
AUG
238
translation ends at the nonsense codon
what is the nonsense codon
UAA
UAG
UGA
239
how many sense cods on mRNA and how many amino acids do they encode
64 sense codons
encode 20 amino acids
240
what is first step in the process of translation
241
what carries the complementary anticodon
tRNA
242
what is the 1 step in the process of translation
ribosomal subunit starts on mRNA at start codon, tRNA moves in with anticodon
243
what is the 2 step in the process of translation
ribosomal subunit will continue down mRNA, first tRNA will create amino acid on P site while another tRNA will continue to the second codon
244
what is the 3 step in the process of translation
now we have 2 tRNA that means that there are now 2 amino acids and a peptide bond will form between them
245
what is the 4 step in the process of translation
first tRNA will be released of codon and amino acid it created (there will be an amino acid chain) ribosome will continue to move along mRNA
246
what is the 5 step in the process of translation
previous steps will continue the polypeptide chain of amino acids until it hits the stop codon and then the polypeptide chain will be released
247
what is the last step in the process of translation
new protein will be made from polypeptide chain and the rest of it will just float away
248
what is aminoacylation
is the process of adding an aminoacyl group to a compound. it produces rRNA molecules with their CCA 3 prime ends covalently linked to an amino acid
249
what does aminoacyl tRNA synthase do
each tRNA is aminoacylate (or changed) with a specific amino acid by aminoacyl tRNA synthase
250
what is the difference between DNA synthesis and DNA transcription
The other difference between the two processes is that during DNA synthesis the entire chromosome is copied. During transcription specific genes are transcribed in response to signals such as transcription factors.
251
what are conservative genes
expressed at a fixed rate (alwayas on)
252
what are repressible genes
as needed gene regulation
253
what are inducible genes
induced regulated genes
254
what is catabolite repression
regulatory genes that are on and off based on metabolic present
255
what is a mutation
a change in the genetic material
256
what can mutations be
neutral
beneficial
harmful
257
define mutagen
agent that causes mutation
258
define spontaneous mutations
occur in the absence of a mutagen
259
what is base substitution (point mutation)
change in one base
260
what is missense mutation
result in change in the amino acid
261
what is nonsense mutation
results in a nonsense codon
262
what is frameshift mutation
insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs
263
inducible operons
what is structural genes
what is repressor
inactive
active downstream genes (inactive repressor)
264
repressible operons
what is structural genes
what is repressor
active
inactive downstream genes (active repressor)
265
radiation
what does ionizing radiation cause
formation of ions that can react with nucleotides and the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone
266
radiation
what does UV radiation cause
thymine dimers
267
repair of thymine dimers
what does photolyases do?
separate thymine dimers and then nucleotide excision repair
268
what is vertical gene transfer
occurs during reproduction between generations of cells
269
what is horizontal gene transfer
transfer of genes between cells of the same generation
270
what is genetic recombination
exchange of genes between two DNA molecules
crossing over occurs when two chromosomes break and repair
271
what is a plasmid
self replicated gene containing units of DNA
272
what is conjugative plasmid
carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid
273
what is dissimilation plasmids
encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds
274
plasmids
what is R factor
encode antibiotic resistance
275
what are transposons
segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another
276
what do transposons contain
insertion sequences for cutting and resealing DNA (transposase)
277
what did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do
1673-1723 described live microorganisms
278
what did Louis Pasteur do
1861 demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air which led to discoveries that include the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs.
he discovered that microbes are responsible for fermentation
279
what did robert koch do
proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps called the Kochs postulates to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
280
who discovered the first antibiotic
alexander fleming
281
what are inclusions?
These cell inclusions are formed with decreasing pH and from the pool of soluble fusion proteins within the cell. They are the elementary bodies, formed during infectious diseases or within the virus-infected cells such as rabies, herpes, measles, etc.
282
inclusions
what are the function of metachromatic granules
phosphate reserves
283
inclusions
what are the function of polysaccharide granules
energy reserves
284
inclusions
what are the function of lipid inclusion
energy reserves
285
inclusion
what are the function of sulfur granules
energy reserves
286
inclusion
what are the function of carboxysomes
rubulose
for CO2 fixation
287
inclusion
whare are the function of gas vacuoles
protein covered cylinders
288
inclusion
what are the function of magnetosomes
iron oxide which destroyes H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
289
try to remember this picture its a summary of prokaryotes vs eukaryotic
290
what pH does most bacteria grow in
6.5-7
290
what pH does fungi (including yeast) grow in
5
290
what are hyperthermophiles
grow from 65 to 110 degree Celsius
149-230 degree fahrenheit
291
what are thermophiles
grow from 40-72 degree celsius
104-161 degree fahrenheit
292
what are mesophiles
grow from 10-50 degree celsius
50-122 degree fahrenheit
293
what are psychrotrophs
grows from 0-30 degree celsius
32-86 degree fahrenheit
294
what are psychorphiles
grow in -10-20 degree celsius
14-68 degree Fahrenheit
295
what is the most favorable physical conditions for microbial growth based on temperature
mesophiles
50-122 degree fahrenheit
296
osmotic pressure
what is plasmolysis and what causes it
hypertonic environment or an increase in salt or sugar
shrivel cell up
297
what do extreme/obligate halophils require
high osmotic pressure
298
what do facultative halophiles tolerate
tolerate high osmotic pressure
299
what are halophils
microorganism that grows in or tolerate saline conditions
300
what are obligate aerobes
oxygen required
growth only occurs where high concentration of oxygen have diffused in the media
301
what are facultative anaerobes
greater growth in presence of oxygen but can occur throughout the tube
302
what are obligate anaerobes
ceases in presence of oxygen
growth occurs only where there is no oxygen
303
what are aerotolerant anaerobes
oxygen has no effect, growth is even
304
what are microaerophiles
oxygen req in low concentration
growth occurs only where there is a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium
305
try to memorize this
306
what is substrate level phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolism reaction that results in the production of ATP supported by the energy released from another high-energy bond that leads to phosphorylation of ADP
307
what is oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
308
what are operons
An operon is a cluster of functionally-related genes that are controlled by a shared operator. Operons consist of multiple genes grouped together with a promoter and an operator. Operons are present in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), but are absent in eukaryotes.
