Exam 1 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Anatomical Position
A
standing in upright posture, facing forward, feet parallel and close together and palms facing forward
2
Q
Anterior vs Posterior
A
Anterior - In front
Posterior - behind
3
Q
Inferior vs superior
A
inferior (caudal) - below
Superior (cephalic) - above
4
Q
Distal vs Proximal
A
distal - away from trunk
Proximal - nearest to trunk
5
Q
Meidal vs lateral
A
medial - toward the middle
lateral - toward the outside
6
Q
Deep vs superficial
A
deep - beneath or below surface
superficial - near the surface
7
Q
Prone vs supine
A
prone - laying on stomach
supine - laying on back
8
Q
Dorsal vs ventral
A
dorsal - toward the back
ventral - toward the front
9
Q
Contralateral vs ipsilateral vs bilateral
A
Contralateral - opposite side
ipsilateral - same side
bilateral - on both sides
10
Q
Palmar vs Volar vs Plantar
A
palmar - palm of the hand
volar - palm of hand or sole of foot
Plantar - sole, underside of foot
11
Q
Valgus vs varus
A
valgus - outward angulation of a joint (stress on MCL)
varus - inward angulation of a joint (stress on LCL)
12
Q
What axis is aligned perpendicular through the frontal plane
A
anteroposterior axis
13
Q
What movements happen in the frontal plane
A
Abduction, adduction, Radial/Ulnar Deviation, Eversion, Inversion
14
Q
What axis is aligned perpendicular to the sagittal plane
A
mediolateral axis
15
Q
What movements occur in the sagittal plane
A
Flexion, Extension
16
Q
what axis is aligned perpendicular through the transverse plane
A
longitudinal axis
17
Q
what movement occurs in the transverse plane
A
Internal/External rotation, Pronation/Supination
18
Q
Abduction
A
lateral movement away from the midline (frontal plane, anteroposterior axis)
19
Q
Adduction
A
lateral movement toward the trunk (Frontal plane, anteroposterior axis)
20
Q
Flexion
A
bending movement decreasing joint angle (sagittal plane, Mediolateral axis)
21
Q
Extension
A
straitening moment that increase joint angle (sagittal plane, mediolateral axis)
22
Q
External rotation
A
rotary movement of a bone away from the midline (transverse plane, longitudinal axis)
23
Q
Internal rotation
A
Rotary movement toward the midline (transfers plane, longitudinal axis)
24
Q
How many axial bones
A
80
25
How many appendicular bones
126
26
Long bones
Levers
Long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends (help with stability)
27
Short Bones
Small, cube-shaped bones that form gliding articulation in hand and feet
disperse impact forces applied to the body from external environment
28
Flat bones
connect appendicular and axial skeleton
Provide Protection
29
Irregular bones
serve to protect internal organs
30
Sesamoid bones
reinforce the tensile properties of tendons, and can increase the mechanical advantage of skeletal muscle
31
What is bone composed of
calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen and water
32
What is cortical bone
Low porosity, 5-30% of bone tissue, stiff and can withstand greater stress (force/area)
33
What is Spongy (cancellous) bone
High porosity 30-90% of bone , flexible and can withstand greater strain
34
What is wolffs law
Bone adapts and remodels in response to stress
35
What are processes that form joints
Condyle, facet, head
36
Processes that form attachments with ligaments, muscles and tendons
Crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine, suture, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
37
Synarthrodial
Immovable
38
Amphiarthrodial
Slightly Moveable
39
Diarthrodial
Freely moveable
40
Anatomy and function of synovial joint
Freely moveable, consist of a sleeve-like ligamentous joint capsule
Synovial fluid inside joint capsule serves to lubricate articular surface
41
What is 1 degree of freedom
Movement in 1 plane (Radioulnar joint)
42
What are 2 degrees of freedom
Movement in 2 planes (Radiocarpal joint)
43
What are 3 degrees of freedom
Movement in 3 planes (Glenohumeral joint)
44
Gliding joints
2 planar or flat, bony surfaces
Free to move in all planes of motion
Small ROM
45
Hinge joints
Bony articulation restricts movement to a single plane (uniaxial)
EX - Humeroulnar joint
46
Pivot Joints
Bony articulation restricts movement to a single plane (uniaxial)
Ex- radioulnar joint
47
Knuckle joints (condyloid)
Permits movement in 2 plants (bi-axial)
Ex - metacarpophalangeal joint
48
Ball-and-socket joints
Allow movement in all three planes (tri-axial)
Ex - Glenohumeral joint
49
Saddle joints
concave and convex bony articulations that permit movement in all 3 planes (tri-axial)
Ex - 1st carpometacarpal joint
50
Aggregate Muscle Action
Skeletal muscles working together to achieve a given joint movement
51
usually the least moveable attachment for muscle
origin
52
most moveable attachment for muscle
insertion
53
Muscle contained to the specific body segment upon which it acts
Intrinsic muscle
54
Muscles origin is proximal to the body segment upon which it acts
Extrinsic muscle
55
When a muscle applies a pulling force across a joint
action
56
Skeletal muscle develops a sufficient amount of active tension to overcome resistance.
Concentric action
57
Station action where there is no change in length or no joint motion
Isometric action
58
Skeletal muscle develops tension to control movement of the resistance. Muscle lengthens
Eccentric action
59
Angular velocity of a movement is controlled to remain constant
Isokinetic action
60
Agonist
muscle that causes joint motion. Primary or prime movers
61
Antagonist
Lengthens while agonist contracts.
Works in cooperation with agonist to control movement
62
Stabilizer
Fixates, or stabilizes a joint, which enables another limb or body segment to exert force and move
63
Synergists
Support the action of the agonists by refining movement and reducing unwanted motion
64
Electric excitable cells
Neuron
65
Axons bundled together
nerve
66
bundle of nerves
plexus
67
Cervical plexus
C1-C4
Sensation from upper part of shoulders. back and front of head.
Innervates several neck muscles
68
Brachial Plexus
C5-T1
Sensory and motor function to the upper extremity and a majority of scapular muscles
69
Thoracic nerves
T2-T12
Sensory and motor function to the throax
70
Lumbosacral plexus
L1-S4
Sensory and motor function of the lower trunk, pelvis and lower extremity
71
The muscle, or group of muscles innervated by a specific spinal nerve
Myotome
72
3 types of neurons
Motor (efferent)
Sensory (afferent)
Interneurons (combination of both 90%)
73
Efferent neurons
receive information from brain
74
Afferent neurons
send info to brain
75
Muscle is sensitive and responsive to electro-chemical and mechanical stimuli
Excitability
76
Ability of muscle to contract, or develop sufficient active tension to overcome external resistance
Contractility
77
5 levels of control in the CNS
1. Cerebral cortex
2. Basal Ganglia
3. Cerebellum
4. Brain Stem
5. Spinal cord
78
Combines information from the somatosensory cortex with conscious thought to generate an initial neural signal
Cerebral Cortex
79
Receives signal generated in the motor cortex.
Refines the signal using stored memory of prior movement.
Memory card for movement
Basal Ganglia
80
Improves the smoothness or coordination of motor output.
Provides feedback regarding movement error
Cerebellum
81
Integrates all CNS activity and relays neural signals to the spinal cord, which may excite or inhibit target skeletal muscles
Brain Stem
82
Relays the CNS signal to target skeletal muscles
Spinal Cord
83
Collect signals from neurotransmitters
Dendrites
84
Causes Cl- to defuse into the cell body causing it to be more negative.
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
85
IPSP
Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential
86
EPSP
Excitatory Post-synaptic potential
87
Causes Na+ to enter cell body
Ach (acetylcholine)
88
What causes the muscle to twitch
eps stimuli is strong enough to depolarize the axon hillock to -55mv, an AP will be sent to the muscle fibers
89
How does an action potential traveling down the axon of an alpha, or lower, motor neuron stimulate skeletal muscle to contract
1. AP arrives at action terminal
2. AP triggers the release of Ash into synaptic cleft
3. ACh binds to motor end plate of skeletal muscle fiber
4. ACh triggers an EPSP at the motor end plate
5. AP is sent along Sarcolemma
6.AP travels into Transverse tubules
7. AP triggers the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm
8. Ca binds to Troponin, causing it to reveal the Myosin binding sites located on Actin
9. In presence of ATP, myosin head will bind and pull on actin
90
Why is it important that the motor and somatosensory cortices are located close in proximity
Fast communication
91
3 major sources of sensory input
Proprioception
Exteroception
Vestibular
92
Key skeletal muscle proprioceptors
Muscle spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs
93
Awareness of how the body is moving in space based on information from proprioceptors.
Kinesthesia
94
Responsible for relaying efferent signals from CNS to target muscle via the alpha, or lower motor neuron
peripheral nervous system
95
Respond to the stretch of a muscle by increasing the activation of lower, or alpha motor neurons. Causing a more forceful contraction
Muscle spindles
96
Intrafusal
muscle spindles sensing stretch of muscle
97
Extrafusal
What we use for producing force
98
Where do spindles send an afferent signal to
dorsal aspect of spinal cord
99
Respond to tension or stress placed on the tendon. Causing muscle to relax
Golgi Tendon Organs
100
Where does the GTO send an afferent signal
Dorsal aspect of spinal cord
101
Ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond resting length
Extensibility
102
Abnormal muscle tightness affecting extensibility
Spasticity
103
Temporary spasticity
Spasms (muscle cramps)
104
Causes of spasms
Fatigue increases muscle spindle sensitivity
Poor flexibility, dehydration, electrolytes are thought to play a role, but research is inconclusive
105
Davids law
Soft tissue models along the lines of stress
Stretching soft tissue aligns the elastic components of tissue to the direction of the stretch, improving the extensibility of the tissue
106
Ability of muscle to return to its original length following a stretch
Elasticity
107
What happens when a tissue stretches or is stressed beyond its elastic tolerance
It may injure and not return to its original shape
108
A force expressed within a tissue (or object)
Stress
109
Percentage change in length, or shape of a tissue
Strain
110
Stress is applied to a tissue, however, when the stress is removed, the tissue returns to its original length
Elastic Strain
111
Stress is applied to a tissue and, when the stress is removed, the tissue does not return to is original length
Plastic Strain
112
Stress is applied to a tissue and the tissue ruptures, it is no longer able to tolerate stress
Ultimate Failure
113
How must the neuromuscular system act differently in order for you to successfully curl objects
Muscles
Nervous
Muscle - # of motor unites
Neurons - Frequency of stimulation
114
A single alpha, or lower motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
Motor unit
115
All or none priniciple
All the fibers in a single motor unit will fire
116
Muscle force can be increased by activating more of the motor units in the motor pool
Spacial summation
117
Size prinicple
Small units are recruited before large motor units
118
A single skeletal muscle fiber twitch includes a brief latent period followed by a 40 ms contraction, and a 50 ms relaxation phase. These add up to create a full contraction
Twitch with low amount of force
Temporal Summation
119
What is tetanus
All the muscles are fully contracted
120
Hypertrophy
Muscle fiber growth
121
What does mechanical power predict
Athletic ability, functional mobility and fall risk
122
3 Steps of training to improve neuromuscular functio
1. Build a strength base (force emphasis)
2.Turn Strength into power
3. Develop eccentric and reactive strength
123
Prerequisits for building a strength base
Core strength, proper movement mechanics
124
What are you improving in step 1
Motor unit synchronization
Motor unit requirement
Rate coding (frequency of AP)
Decrease autogenic GTO inhibition
125
Signaling protein that functions as a major regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
mTOR
126
Factors that can stimulate mTOR release
Mechanical overload
Hypoxia
Protein and carb consumption
127
Step 2. Turn strength into power components
Continue to build core strength, muscle strength.
Place more emphasis on ballistic exercises, where resistance must be accelerated quickly and moved with hight velocity.
(velocity emphasis)
128
The ability to change rapidly from eccentric to concentric muscle action
Reactive Strength, stretch-shortening cycle
129
Progression to develop reactive strength
Plyometric (can help GTO to be quieter)
130
3 steps for plyometrics
1. Begin by performing jumps from the ground
2. Start incorporate boxes. Drop landings
3. Incorporate advanced, high intensity exercises
