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Anatomical Kinesiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of mechanics as it relates to the function and anatomy of biological systems

A

Biomechanics

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2
Q

Mechanical variables that describe the characteristics of a motion in time and space (things we can see with our own eyes)

A

Kinematics

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3
Q

vector

A

direction and magnitude

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4
Q

scalar

A

distance

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5
Q

The vector change in position of an object in a 2 or 3 dimensional space

A

Displacement

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6
Q

Rate of change of displacement with respect to time

A

velocity

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7
Q

rate of change of velocity with respect to time

A

acceleration

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8
Q

Mechanical variables representing the forces responsible for causing changes in kinematics, resulting in movements (things we can’t see)

A

Kinetics

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9
Q

Newtons first law

A

a body in motion tends to remain in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force

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10
Q

Newtons second law

A

net force applied to a body will act to accelerate the object in the direction of force

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11
Q

newtons third law

A

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

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12
Q

may propel the body or associate with the absorption of an impact.
Acts to change the kinematics of the human body

A

ground reaction force

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13
Q

a shear force expressed between two surfaces

A

friction

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14
Q

expression of forces that cause angular motion

A

torque

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15
Q

to produce torque what 2 components are needed

A
  1. axis of rotation (joint center)
  2. Force applied at a perpendicular distance away from the joint center
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16
Q

1st class lever

A

effort force and resistance force are located on opposite sides of the lever

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17
Q

2nd class lever

A

the effort force and resistance force are located on same side of lever. effort force is located further away from the axis

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18
Q

3rd class lever

A

the effort force and resistance force are located on same side of lever. effort force is located closer to axis

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19
Q

main contributions to human movement in the foot and ankle

A
  1. foot and ankle apply forces to the ground and receive ground reaction forces
  2. disperse body weight and GRFs across bone and soft tissue
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20
Q

What are the two arches that help to distribute impact forces, maintain balance, and propel the body forward in gait

A

Longitudinal arch (medial and lateral)
Transverse arch

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21
Q

Characteristics of the medial longitudinal arch

A
  1. highly elastic
  2. assists in distributing forces through the foot
  3. assists in propelling the body forward in gait
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22
Q

Characteristics of the lateral longitudinal arch

A
  1. Rigid (good for stability)
  2. Assists in maintaining balance
  3. Assists in distributing forces through the foot
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23
Q

Characteristics of the transverse arch

A
  1. assists in distributing forces through the foot
  2. assists in propleling the body forward in gait
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24
Q

what gives arches their elasticity in the foot
helps stabilize the longitudinal arches

A

plantar fascia

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25
Q

what is the order of body weight transfer from the tibia and down

A

tibia to talus to calcaneus

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26
Q

Bone that is wider on the anterior side with provides more ankle stability when the foot moves into doriflexion vs plantar flexion

A

Talus

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27
Q

What are the 5 tarsals in the foot

A

Navicular
3 cuneiforms (medial, intermediat, lateral)
cuboid

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28
Q

these act as pulleys for muscles wrapping around posteriorly on the tibia and fibula

A

Lateral and medial malleoli

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29
Q

Skeletal muscle insersions in the foot

A
  1. Inner surface of medial cuneiform
  2. basses of all metatarals
  3. superior and inferior surfaces of distal phalanxes
  4. posterior calcaneus
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30
Q

Talocrural joint
Articulation
Motion

A

articulation - talus tibia and fibula
motion- plantarflexion (20 degrees from neutral) and dorsiflexion (50 degrees from neutral)
internal and external rotation

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31
Q

Subtalar and Transverse tarsal joints
Articulation
motion

A

articulation - talus and calcaneus (subtalar) Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid and calcaneus (transverse tarsal)
Motion - inversion (30 degrees) and eversion (15 degrees)

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32
Q

High ankle sparin

A

distal interosseous membrane can be sprained. Usually from inversion of the ankle while positioned in dosriflexion

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33
Q

What is injured during a lateral ankle sprain with neutral foot alignment

A

Calcaneofibular ligament

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34
Q

What is injuring during a lateral ankle sprain with planar flexed alignment

A

Anterior talofibular ligament

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35
Q

What joint helps with foot clearance

A

knee joint

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36
Q

what muscles work together to take stress off the knee joint

A

hamstrings and quadriceps (dynamic stabilizers)

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37
Q

what allows the feet to push into the ground with more force

A

the knee joint transferring muscle force from the large muscles of the thigh and core to the lower leg

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38
Q

two major rigid structures supporting the knee joint

A

femur and tibia

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39
Q

these articulate to form the knee joint

A

femoral and tibial condyles

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40
Q

why is the medial femoral condyle larger than the lateral femoral condyle

A

the long axis of the femur runs slightly toward the midline of the body (q line)

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41
Q

does the fibula have articulation with the knee

A

no

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42
Q

sesamoid bone that pushes the quadriceps muscle force further away from the joint center

A

patella

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43
Q

Key bony landmarks in the knee

A

superior/inferior poles of patella
tibial tuberosity
gerdys tubercle
medial/lateral femoral epicondyles
upper anteromedial surface of tibia
head of fibula

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44
Q

gliding joint that increases the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle group

A

patellofemoral joint

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45
Q

When the knee is flexed 30 degrees what motion can it also do

A

internal and external rotation

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46
Q

Static stability in the knee

A

bony stability
strong ligaments
menisci

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47
Q

dynamic stability in the knee

A

activation of skeletal muscles acting primarily in the sagittal plane

48
Q

where are the menisci thicker

A

on the medial knee (q angle)

49
Q

Commonly injured in sport play during foot planting, cutting, or when an external force is applied to the posterior aspect of the tibia

A

ACL

50
Q

What to focus on for neuromuscular triaing for ACL prevention

A
  1. Frontal plane knee stability
  2. landing and cutting biomechanics
  3. core strength
  4. extremity strength imbalances
51
Q

injured when an external force is applied to the anterior aspect of the tibia

A

PCL

52
Q

Commonly injured when an external force is applied to the lateral aspect of the tibia

A

MCL

53
Q

lateral ligament of the knee

A

LCL

54
Q

What does having a strong core do

A

makes humans more effective at transmitting force from the large muscles of the hip and thigh to the feet, where they can be applied to the ground

55
Q

Q angle

A

formed from ASIS to midline of patella

56
Q

Locate femur femoral head and greater trochanter

A

femur- long bone
femoral head- round end that connects hip joint
greater trochanter- most superior point that is lateral

57
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of

A

right and left pelvic bones that are joined together posteriorly by the sacrum

58
Q

What does each pelvic bone consist of

A

ilium, ischium and pubis

59
Q

Key bony landmarks in anterior pelvis

A
  1. iliac crest
  2. Anterior superior iliac spine
  3. Anterior inferior iliac spine
60
Q

Key bony landmarks in the posterior pelvis

A
  1. iliac crest
  2. sacrum/coccyx
  3. ischial tuberosity
  4. pubis
61
Q

Where is the pubic sympysis and what type of joint is it

A

inferior joint between pelvic bones
amphiarthrodial

62
Q

Where is the sacroiliac joints and what type of joint is it

A

connects the lower appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton
amphiarthodial

63
Q

diarthrodial ball and socket joint that permits movement in all 3 planes

A

acetabulofemoral

64
Q

Static stabilization of the acetabulofemoral joint

A

strong, dense ligaments help prevent dislocation and extreme ROM

65
Q

Iliofemoral ligament

A

prevents anterior dislocation and may restrict hip extension

66
Q

pubofemoral ligament

A

prevents anterior dislocation and may restrict hip extension and abduction

67
Q

ischiofemoral ligament

A

prevents posterior dislocation and may restrict internal rotation

68
Q

What movements occur in the sagittal plane of the hip joint with ROM

A

Flexion- 120 degrees from neutral
extension - 30 degrees from neurtral

69
Q

What movements occur in the frontal plane of the hip joint with ROM

A

abduction - 45 degrees from neutral
adduction - 20 degrees from neutral

70
Q

What movements occur in the transverse plane of the hip joint with ROM

A

internal rotation - 35 degrees from neutral
External rotation - 45 degrees from neutral

71
Q

Horizontal abduction of the hip

A

frontal plane
abduction of a flexed hip
60 degrees from neutral

72
Q

Horizontal adduction of th hip

A

Frontal plane
adduction of a flexed hip
40 degrees from neutral

73
Q

Pelvic girdle sagittal plane movement

A

Anterior rotation
Posterior rotation

74
Q

Pelvic girdle frontal plane movement

A

Right lateral rotation
Left lateral rotation

75
Q

Pelvic girdle transverse plane movement

A

Right transverse rotation
Left transverse rotation

76
Q

Sagittal plane movement of the knee

A

flexion and extension
150 degrees from neutral

77
Q

Transverse plane movement of the knee

A

Internal rotation (30 degrees)
external rotation (45 degrees)

78
Q

What plexus innervates all lower extremity muscles

A

Lumbar and sacral plexuses

79
Q

Posterior component of the ankle and foot muscles

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Longus

80
Q

Posterior component of the foot ank ankle major action

A

Plantar flexion
Toe Flexion

(secondary action, inversion)

81
Q

Gastrocnemius
Major action
Assists with

A

Major action: Plantar flexion

Assists with: knee flexion

82
Q

Soleus
Major action

A

Plantar flexion

83
Q

Tibialis Posterior
Major actions

A

Plantar flexion
Inversion

84
Q

Flexor digitorum longus
Major action
Assists with

A

Major action: flexion of toes 2-5

Assists with: plantar flexion and inversion

85
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus
Major action
Assists with

A

Major action: flexion of great toe (1)

Assists with: plantar flexion and inversion

86
Q

Lateral compartment muscles of the ankle and foot

A

Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis

87
Q

Lateral compartment of the foot and ankle major action

A

Eversion

88
Q

Peroneus longus
Major action
Assists with

A

Major action: eversion

Assists with:plantar flexion

89
Q

Peroneus Brevis
major action
Assists with

A

major action: eversion

Assists with: plantar flexion

90
Q

Anterior compartment muscles of the ankle and foot

A

Peroneus Tertius
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Tibialis Anterior

91
Q

Anterior compartment of the ankle and foot major actions

A

Dorsiflexion and to extension

92
Q

Peroneus Tertius
Major action
assists with

A

Major action: dorsiflexion

Assists with: eversion

93
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus
Major action
Assists with

A

major action: extension of toes 2-5

Asists with: dorsiflexion and eversion

94
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus
Major action
assists with

A

Major action: extension of the great toe (1)

Assists with: dorsiflexion and inversion

95
Q

Tibialis anterior
Major action
Assists with

A

Major action: dorsiflexion

Assists with: inversion

96
Q

Anterior compartment of the knee major action

A

Extension

97
Q

Rectus femoris
Major action in knee

A

Knee extension

98
Q

Vastus Lateralis
Major action in knee

A

Knee extension

99
Q

Vastus intermedius
Major action in knee

A

Knee extension

100
Q

Vastus medius
major action in knee

A

Knee extension

101
Q

Posterior compartment of knee major action

A

Flexion

102
Q

Biceps femoris
Major action in knee

A

Knee flexion
Knee external rotation (when knee is flexed)

103
Q

Semimembranosus
Major action in knee

A

Knee flexion
knee internal rotation (when knee is flexed)

104
Q

Semitendinosus
Major action in knee

A

Knee flexion
Knee internal rotation

105
Q

Sartorius
Major action in knee
Assists with

A

Major action: knee flexion

Assists with: knee internal rotation

106
Q

Gracilis
assists with in knee

A

Knee flexion
Knee internal rotation

107
Q

Popliteus
major action in knee

A

Knee flexion
Knee internal rotation

108
Q

Rectus femoris
major action in hip and pelvis

A

Hip flexion
Anterior pelvic rotation

109
Q

Sartorius
Major action in hip and pelvis

A

Hip flexion
Anterior pelvic rotation
External hip rotation

110
Q

Gluteus medius
Major action in hip and pelvis
Assists with

A

Major action: hip abduction
Ipsilateral lateral pelvic rotation

Assists with: hip flexion, internal hip rotation, anterior pelvic rotation, hip extension, external hip rotation, posterior pelvic roation

111
Q

Gluteus Minimus
Major action in hip and pelvis
Assists with

A

Major action: hip abduction, internal hip rotation

Assists with: hip flexion, anterior pelvic roation, ipsilateral lateral pelvic rotation

112
Q

Gluteus Maximus
Major action in the hip and pelvis
Assits with

A

Major actions: hip extension, external hip rotation, posterior pelvic rotation, contralateral transverse pelvic rotation, ipsilateral lateral pelvic rotation

Assists with: hip abduction, hip adduction

113
Q

Adductor magnus
Major actoin in hip and pelvis
Assists with

A

Major action: hip adduction, external hip rotation

Assists with: hip extension

114
Q

Adductor longus
Major action in hip and pelvis
Assists with

A

Major action: hip adduction

assists with: hip flexion, anterior pelvic rotation

115
Q

Tensor fascia latae
Major action in hip and pelvis

A

hip abduction
hip flexion
internal hip rotation
anterior pelvic rotation
ipsilateral lateral pelvic rotation

116
Q
A

Anatomical Kinesiology (3 decks)

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