Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Folliculitis
A
-Infection of the hair follicle
-Forms as a furuncle or carbuncle (several carbuncles)*
-Cause: Staphylococcus aureus/S. Epidermis
-Virulence: *Protein A coating on the cell surface prevents antibody binding, inhibits Phagocytosis
-Spread: Direct contact or fomites
2
Q
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
A
-Fatal toxin-mediated disease (mostly in infants)
-Reddened skin, wrinkling, blistering (starts at mouth)
-S. Aureus secretes Exfoliative toxins
-Pathogen/Virulence: Staphylococcus aureus
-Pathogenesis: Secondary infection by candida or pseudomonas
-Secondary inf: Candida/Pseudomonas
-Treatment: Oxacillin
3
Q
Impetigo
A
-Epidermis is most affected
-Pus-filled vesicles
-Honey-coloured Crusty patches (itchy/contageous)
-Staph aureus (80%)/ Strep. pyrogenes (20%)
4
Q
Erysipelas
A
-Reddening of skin, arms, legs (UL)
-Distinct margin*
-Lymph nodes affected
-Pathogen: Streptococcus pyogenes
5
Q
Cellulitis
A
-Hot/tender on one side of body
-Not well-defined margins*
-Potentially life-threatening
-Affects dermis/subcutaneous far
-Pathogen: Streptococcus (mostly), some Staph.
6
Q
Necrotizing fasciitis
A
-Hot, painful sunburn-like rash->degrades the fascia
-Streptococcus pyogenes*
-Virulence: Streptokinase hyaluronidase, deoxyribonucleatides, M protein, streptolysim, Endotoxin A
7
Q
Acne
A
-Blackheads and pimples
-Pathogen: Cutibacterium acnes
8
Q
Cat Scratch Disease
A
-Can be from scratch/bite of kittens or fleas
-Swollen lymph nodes
-Pathogen: Bartonella henselae*
-Virulence factor: endotoxin (LPS)
-Common in children in US
9
Q
Pseudomonas infection
A
-Infection w/ blue-green pigment (Pyocyanin)
-Burn victims are highly susceptible
-Thick, scab-like crust, microbes beneath can move in blood
-Can have a sweet grape-like scent
-Pathogen: Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
-Virulence: Fimbriae/adhesins, capsule, enzymes, endotoxin-Lipid A, Exotoxin A, pyocyanin pigment
10
Q
Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis
A
-Spotted, non-itchy rashy developing on trunk and appendages, soles/palms
-Pathogen: Rickettsia rickettsii*
-Vector-born disease: Ticks of Genus Dermacentor (saliva)
-American dog tick, Rocky mountain wood tick
11
Q
Cutaneous Anthrax
A
-Formed black eschar (piece of dead tissue on skin surface)
-Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis*
-Virulence factors: endospores, capsule, 3 anthrax toxins
-Animal handlers most at risk
12
Q
Site of infection: Connective tissue between and over muscular layer
A
Necrotizing Fasciitis
13
Q
Site of infection: Epidermis
A
Impetigo
14
Q
Site of infection: Underlying lymph nodes
A
Erysipelas
15
Q
Site of infection: Dermis & Subcutaneous
A
Cellulitis
16
Q
A cluster of raised lesions with folliculitis is known as a ____________.
Select one:
a.Furuncle
b.Carbuncle
c.Impetigo
d.Sty
e.Erysipelas
A
b.Carbuncle
17
Q
Which pathogen is a common cause of endocarditis or pneumonia due to bacteremia?
Select one:
a.Mycobacterium tuberculosis
b.Coccidioidomycosis
c.Staphylococcus aureus
d.Streptococcus pyogenes
A
c.Staphylococcus aureus
18
Q
Amber-colored crusty debris on the surface of the skin is suggestive of infection most commonly due to:
Select one:
a.Candida albicans
b.S. aureus
c.Strep. pyogenes
d.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A
b.S. aureus
While S. pyogenes does cause impetigo, it only causes it about 20% of the time. S. aureus is the main cause of impetigo (80% of the time), which has the characteristic amber colored crusty patches.
19
Q
T/F
A dark purple to black discoloration of the skin is a finding of Anthrax infections.
A
True
20
Q
Which bacterial pathogen is responsible for bluish-green color wounds due to pyocyanin pigmentation?
Select one:
a.Bacillus anthracis
b.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
c.Bartonella Henselae
d.Staphylococcus aureus
A
b.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
21
Q
A skin disease that looks like numerous deep red-colored spots/ tiny blood clots in the skin is indicative of acne.
A
False
22
Q
Rubella
A
-Portal of entry: Upper respiratory tract and eyes; Can enter bloodstream (viremia)
-Milder cold symptoms
-Children: Slightly swollen lymph nodes, rash of flat, pink to red spors
-More severe in adults (arthritis/encephalitis)
-During pregnancy: Severe birth defects; Don’t give vaccine
-Pathogen: Rubivirus or rubella virus
-Vaccine: MMR, live attenuated
23
Q
Measles (Rubeola in US)
A
*Koplik spots
-Fine red rash appears on forehead/spreads to body (more red than measles)
-Rare: SSPE (CNS-Personality changes)
-Pathogen: Morbillivirus
-Pathogenesis: Tc Cells
24
Q
Erythema Infectiosum (5th disease)
A
-Pathogen: Parvovirus B19
-Bright red rash begins on cheeks, spreads over
-Adult: joint pain/anemia
-Can trigger miscarriage
25
Roseola
-Pathogen: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
-Faint pink rash on face, neck, trunk and thighs
-Occurs in infants 6 months to 3 years
26
Chickenpox/Shingles
-Pathogen: varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
-Also called varicella
-Skin lesions start on the back of the trunk, spreading to face, neck and limbs
-No scarring
-Can become dormant and cause shingles (herpes zoster) later in life
-Shingles: Rash, numbing/tingling, painful (importance of vax)
-Reye’s syndrome: Liver and brain ceases to function (due to using aspirin with chicken pox)
27
Smallpox
Severe and disfiguring scarring, some become blind
-Small pox spores cover the whole body (mouth->face->rest of the body)
-Pathogen: Variola virus
-Virulence factors: Intracellular infection, codes for proteins that inhibit interferon, complement and inflammation
-Devastating effects on the Native americans (nearly 3 million died)
-Edward Jenner: Used cowpox virus to protect against small pox;
-Now eradicated
28
Herpes infections
-Slow, spreading itchy lesions
-Lips: Fever blisters/cold sores
-Genitalia: Genital herpes
-On fingers: whitlow (cut/break in skin)
-On eyes: Ocular herpes
-Skin: Herpes gladiatorum
29
HHV-1
Above the waist herpesvirus
-Close contact
-90% of cold sores/fever blisters
-About 80% of children have been infected by HHV-1
30
HHV-2
Below the waist herpesvirus
-Sexual intercourse
-Usually acquired b/w 15 and 30 years old
31
Warts (Papillomas)
-Pathogen: Papillomavirus
-Generally benign/non-painful
-Foot ones itch/hurt
-Portal of entry: Parenternal route
-Mode of transmission: Direct contact via fomites
32
Pityriasis Versicolor
-Most common fungal infections
-Hyper/hypo-pigmented patches of skin (affects melanin)
-Etiologic agent: Malassezia furfur
-Transmission: Contact with hyphae/certain fungi
33
Cutaneous Mycoses
Dermatophytoses: Fungi growing on skin, nails and hair
-Etiologic agents: Tricophyton sp, microsporum sp, epidermophyton sp
34
Tinea pedis
Athletes foot
35
Wound Mycoses-Chromoblastomycosis
-Multiple pathogens BUT probably don’t need to know for this course
Wart-like infection, that appears thick
Can lead to potential amputation
36
Sporotrichosis: Pathogen
Sporothrix schenkii
37
Leishmaniasis
-Development of painless skin ulcers
-Pathogen: Leishmania sp (intracellular protozoan)
-Vector: Sand fly
38
Scabies: Pathogen
-Pathogen: Sacroptes scabei (mites)*
-Localized rash, that is pimple-like
-Virulence factors: Attaches to ridges, spines and hairs on body, Damages nerve endings/triggers inflammatory response
-Between skin folds
-Pathogenesis: Adult females burrow/lay eggs up to one month
-Sexual transmission is common
-Often kids <15 yoa
39
Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)
-Pathogen: Trichobilarzia or Gigantobiliharzia
-Flatworm parasite (waterfowl, racoons, muskrats)
-Skin rash d/t allergic reaction to a parasite
-Small red pimples and blistering
DO NOT FEED THE BIRDS!
40
Which of the following is the etiologic agent of whitlow?
Select one:
a.Human herpes virus 1
b.Variola virus
c.Varicella-zostervirus
d.Rubivirus
e.Morbillivirus
a.Human herpes virus 1
41
Dermatophytosis refers to a skin infection caused by a:
Select one:
a.fungus
b.virus
c.protozoan
d.bacterium
e.helminth
a.fungus
42
Which of the following fungi can cause a subcutaneous infection after damage to the skin from a thorn or sliver?
Select one:
a.Trichophyton
b.Microsporum
c.Sporothrix
d.Epidermophyton
c.Sporothrix
43
Roseola: Pathogen Group
Viral
44
Impetigo: Etiologic Agent
Bacterial
45
Shingles: Pathogen Group
Viral
46
Pityriasis versicolor: Pathogen group
Fungal
47
Rocky mountain spotted fever: Pathogen group
Bacterial
48
Leishmaniasis: Pathogen Group
Protozoal
49
Koplik's spots are a unique sign of ______________________.
Select one:
a.Rubella
b.Roseola
c.Measles
d.erysipelas
c.Measles
50
Representatives of which of the following virus genera can cause sexually transmitted diseases? (pick 2)
Select one or more:
a.Human herpes virus 2
b.Human herpes virus 6
c.Erythrovirus B19
d.Human papilloma virus
e.Variola virus
a.Human herpes virus 2, d.Human papilloma virus
51
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by which of the following animal vectors?
Select one:
a.Tick
b.Black fly
c.Sandfly
d.Triatomine bug
e.Mosquito
c.Sandfly
52
Where in the body do we find tinea unguium?
Select one:
a.Nails
b.Genitals
c.Skalp
d.Feet
e.Trunk
a.Nails
53
Bacterial meningitis
-Quick onset of headaches, vomitting, loss of brain function (drowsiness), neck stiffness
-Need to be treated quickly
-Increase in WBCs in CSF
-More in military/college dorms
54
Hansen’s disease (Leprosy)
-Infections of the peripheral nerves: Non-progressive (tuberculoid leprosy)
-Pathogen: Myobacterium leprae and mycobacterium lepromatosis
-Virulence factors: Mycolic acid (Waxy lipid)-Protects bacterium
-Only known bacterial pathogen of the peripheral nerves**
55
Botulism
-Intoxication that affects synapses of the PNS
-Foodborne: Improper canning, weakness/dizziness
-Infants: 6 months or younger, C. Botulinium grows (Most common); Honey
-Wound: Similar to food borne, excpet this enters a wount
-Pathogen: Clostridium botulinium
-Virulence factors: Endospore, botulinium neurotoxins
-Binding of botulism toxin is irreversible; synapse is forever blocked (blocks ACh)
56
Tetanus
-Caused by: Clostridium tetani
-Lockjaw, difficulty swallowing, fever
-Sweating, drooling, back spasms (earlier on)
-Virulence factors: Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)
57
Trachoma
-Leading cause of non-traumatic blindness in humans
-Pathogen: Chlamydia trachomatic, causing trachoma
58
Neisseria meningites: AKA/Virulence Factors
-Known as meningococcus*
-Virulence factors: fimbriae*, polysaccharide capsule*, Lipid A*
-Can travel to different parts of the body within phagocytes
59
Streptococcus pnemoniae: AKA/Virulence Factors
-Known as pneumococci* (lungs, sinus, middle ear, meninges*)
-Virulence factors
1. Capsule-Protects from digestion after phagocytosis*
2. Enzymes/Toxins-Fight the immune system*
3. Phosphorycholine-Binds to host cells*
60
Haemophilus influenzae: Virulence Factors
Polysacchaide capsule
61
Listeria monocytogenes
-Contaminated food/drink
-Can cause meningitis in pregnant women…
-Virulence factors: Listeriolysin O (enzyme lives in host), Listeriolysin S (Overwhelms microbiota)
62
Streptococcus agalactiae: Virulence Factor
Virulence factor: Capsule*
-Common in vaginal microbiota
-Causes: Meningitis, penumonia, and bacteremia in newborns
63
Bacterial meningitis: Respiratory droplets
Neisseria meningtides, streptococcus pneumonia, haemococcus meningites
64
Viral Meningitis
-More common/milder than bacterial meningitis
-Similar symptoms
-Pathogens: Enterovirus (90%)
-Spread in respiratory droplets and fecal-oral route
-Can survive in chlorine swimming pools
65
Poliomyelitis
-90% Asymptomatic, minor (5%), non-paralytic (2%), paralytic (<2%)
-Post-polio syndrome: Up to 80% of recovered polio patients->Cripling deterioration of muscles
-Pathogen: Poliovirus
-Most commonly contacted by the consumption of contaminated water
66
Rabies
-Pathogen: Rabies Virus
-Neurological manifestations: Hyperexcitable, seizures, hallucinations, death
-Infection via a bit or scratch
-Zoonosis: Animals to humans (75% from bats)
67
Arboviral Encephalitis
-Pathogens: Mosquitoes-Aedes or Culex
(EEE-Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Western Equine Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis..
-Similar symptoms to meningitis
-Can cause BBB infection
68
Zika Virus
-Vector: Aedes aegypti mosquito
-Sexually via vaginal, oral or anal route
-Via placenta (microencephaly)
-Can cause Guillain-Barre Syndrome
-Most often complely recover
69
Cryptococcal meningitis
-Pathogen: Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast): Pigeon droppings
-Virulence factor: Capsule
-Usually through dried spores
-Similar to bacterial and viral meningitis; intermittent headaches, little fever, usually get worse->can lead to paralysis/loss of vision/coma
70
African trypanosomiasis
-African sleeping sickness
-Vector: Tsetse fly
-Pathogen: Trypanosoma brucei
-Symptoms: After a week (tender nodule, lymph nodes enlarge), can lead to fevers for lots of years, gradual loss of peoples interest in things, more aggressive/psychosis, drowsiness, can’t eat
71
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy
-Pathogen: Naegleria fowleri (amoeba that forms hardy cyst)
-Quick onset/fatal
-Migrates to brain through cranial nerves
72
Variant Crutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
-Sponigiform encephalopathies
-Feeling of tiredness/insomnia, memory failure, speech and ability to walk are affected
-Pathogen: PrP prion (misfolded proteins causing infection)
-Contaminated nerve tissue (Beef)
73
Which of the following is thought to be the mode of transmission from person to person with Hansen's disease?
Select one:
a.Inhaling resp. droplets (cough sneeze etc.) from an infected individual
b.Sexual intercourse
c.Shaking hands
d.Sitting near an infected person
a.Inhaling resp. droplets (cough sneeze etc.) from an infected individual
74
Which of the following is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in newborns infected during birth?
Select one:
a.Streptococcus agalactiae
b.Listeria monocytogenes
c.Streptococcus pneumonia
d.Neisseria meningitides
a.Streptococcus agalactiae
75
Curling of arms and feet with back stiffly arching backwards are all signs of which disease?
Select one:
a.Leprosy
b.Tetanus
c.Bacterial meningitis
d.Botulism
b.Tetanus
76
T/F
Binding of botulism toxin is reversible and the patient's condition gradually improves with treatment
False
77
West Nile Virus: Vector
Mosquito
78
Typanosoma brucei: Vector
TseTse Fly
79
Cryptococcosis is a ________________ infection.
Select one:
a.prion
b.fungal
c.viral
d.protozoan
e.bacterial
b.fungal
80
Which of the following is a virulence factor that makes Cryptococcus neoformans a 'successful' pathogen?
Select one:
a.The organism releases hydrolytic enzymes that break down the blood-brain barrier.
b.The cells release an exotoxin.
c.The cells change their glycoprotein structure, thus disguising themselves from existing antibodies.
d.The cells release endotoxin.
e.The cells have a capsule.
e.The cells have a capsule.
81
Which of the following diseases is close to being eradicated worldwide?
Select one:
a.Rabies
b.Polio
c.West Nile encephalitis
d.African trypanosomiasis
b.Polio
82
Which type of meningitis is the least dangerous, typically with the mildest symptoms and a good prognosis for full recovery without any special treatment?
Select one:
a.protozoan
b.fungal
c.bacterial
d.Viral
d.Viral
83
Bacteremia/Septicemia
-Bacteremia: Little to no symptoms
-Septicemia: Serious symptoms/antimicrobial drugs needed (Can lead to death)
-General signs: Low blood pressure, decrease in urine output, inability to clot blood (septicemia)
-Can cause osteomyelitis leading to TSS
-Petrichiae: Minute hemorrhagic skin lesions on trunk and lower extremities
84
Virulence factors of Bacteremia, septicemia/endocarditis
Capsule, endotoxin, exotoxin, flagella, anti-phagocytic factors
85
Endocarditis
-Causes formation of bulky masses (vegetations) of platelets or clotting proteins surrounding the bacteria
-Janeway Lesions: Hemorhages on soles of feet or palms
-Osler Nodes: Similar but Painful
86
Brucellosis: Virulence Factors/Associations
-Virulence factors: An endotoxin, ability to grow/multiply inside phagocytes, evade antibodies/antibacterial drugs
-Associations: Contaminated unpasteurized dairy products
Other Facts
-Pathogen: Brucella melitensis
-Breaks in skin (mucus membranes)/respiratory tracts
-Swollen lymph nodes, endocarditis
87
Tularemia
-Rabbit fever or tick fever
-Skin lesion develops w/i 5 days near site of infection
-Pathogen: Franicisella tularensis
-Very contagious
-Virulence: Capsule-Discourages phagocytosis
88
Plague
-Bubonic plague: Buboes (painful inflamed lymph nodes), death of infected tissues which turns black
-Pneumonic plague: Can lead to death
-Pathogen: Yersinia pestis
-Virulence factors: Adhesins, Type 3 secretion systems, capsules and antiphagocytic proteins
-Bubonic: Flea bite
-Pneumonic plague: Airborne
89
Lyme Disease
-Tick-borne zoonosis
-Pathogen: Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
-Vector: Ixodes (deer tick)*
-Virulence Factors: Maganses, Changes OM proteins.
-Phase 1: An expanding bulls-eye rash (erythema migrans)
-Phase 2: Neurological symptoms: meningitis, encephalitis and peripheral nerve neuropathy, cardiac dysfunction
-Phase 3: Severe arthritis
90
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
-Emerging tick-borne human diseases
-Pathogens: Ehrlichia chaffensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilium
-Vectors: Deer tick, dog tick, lone star tick
-Flu-like symptoms and fever
91
Mononucleosis
-Kissing disease
-Acute: Severe sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes…
-Pathogen: Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4). AKA Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
-Found in young african males
-Leukoplakia
-Transmitted via saliva (usually asymptomatic)
92
Cytomegalovirus Disease
-Typically asymptomatic
-Virus: Cytomegalvrius
-Usually transmitted through sexual intercourse
-Affects typically immunocompromised, new borns, AIDS patients
93
Yellow Fever
-Transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito
-Pathogen: Yellow fever virus
-Early: Slight fever, headache
-Second: Symptoms resolve
-Third: Severe including seizures, coma, degeneration of liver
-Mortality rate: High (20%)
94
Dengue Fever/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
-Typically asymptomatic
-Two phases: 1. fever, weakness, edema of extremities/2. Return of fever and bright red rash
-Pathogen: Dengue viruses
-Vector: Aedes aegypti mosquito
95
African Viral Hemorrhagic fever
-Ebola
-Pathogens: Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus (bats) Lassavirus (African soft-furred mouse)
-Transmission: Via contact with bodily fluids, especially blood
96
Malaria
-Symptoms: Jaundice, severe recurrent fever & chills
-Pathogens: Plasmodium
-Transmitted by: Anopheles mosquito
-Virulence factors: Parasite reproduces RBCs, which have no MHC1, Merozoites formed in liver cells
-Genetic trait: Sickle-cell trait, ie
97
Toxoplasmosis
-Immunocompromised, pregnant (can cross placenta)
-Associated with cats/cat litter, undercooked infected meat
-Pathogen: Toxoplasma gondii (protozoan)
98
American Trypanosomiasis
-Chagas disease
-Acute: Reaction @ site, fever, malaise
-Chronic: 10-20 years of asymptomatic followed by difficulty swallowing, heart issues
-Pathogen: Trypanosoma cruzii
-Transmission: Triatomine bugs (kissing bugs)
99
Schistosomiasis
-Signs/symptoms: Swimmer’s itch, worms mature/mate/lay eggs/die which leads to impairment of organs and potentially death
-Pathogens: Species of flukes
100
Bubonic plague: Vector
Flea
101
Tularemia: Vector
Tick
102
Yellow Fever: Vector
Aedes aegypti mosquito
103
Malaria: Vector
Anopheles mosquito
104
Ebola: Vector
Not vector-borne
105
Chaga’s Disease: Vector
Triatomine bug
106
Schistosomiasis: Etiologic agent
Helminthic
107
Toxoplasmosis: Etiologic agent
Protozoan
108
Anaplasmosis: Etiologic Agent
Bacterial
109
Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Etiologic agent
Viral
110
Which stage of the Plasmodium life cycle forms in human liver cells?
Select one:
a.Gametocyte
b.Sporozoite
c.Schizont
d.Oocyst
c.Schizont
111
Which of the following physical signs indicate a Yersinia pestis infection?
Select one:
a.Leukopenia
b.Bull's eye rash
c.Buboes
d.Petechiae
c.Buboes
112
Destruction and failure of the heart valves is a consequence of bacterial disease?
Select one:
a.Ehrlichiosis
b.Bacteremia
c.Endocarditis
d.Anaplasmosis
c.Endocarditis
113
Which of the following zoonosis generally spreads to humans from livestock?
Select one:
a.Plague
b.Brucellosis
c.Lyme's disease
b.Brucellosis
114
Lyme disease is caused by a pathogen which is a ________________.
Select one:
a.A bacillus with a terminal spore
b.Spirochete
c.Gram positive cocci
d.Gram negative cocci
b.Spirochete
115
UTIs
-Primarily in women (shorter urethra)
-Pathogen: E-Coli (70%), Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia (intestinal tract microorgnaisms)
-Signs/Symptoms: Painful urination, cloudy urination, blood in urine
-Virulence factors: Flagella, Fimbriae, E. Coli
116
Leptospirosis
-Signs/Symptoms: Fever, headaches, can lead to be fatal
-Pathogen: Leptospira interrogans (spirochete)
-Virulence: Adhesins, Evasion of complement/antibodies
-Urine of infected animals/contaminated bodies of water
-Rare in US
117
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
-Severe red rash, w/ sudden onset of fever, chills, mental confusion (high mortality rate-low BP)
-Pathogen: staphylococcus aureus
-Virulence: Exotoxins
-Most common in menstruating females (absorpant tampons), nasal surgery
-Medical emergency
118
Bacterial Vaginosis
-Homogenous white discharge with fishy odor
-Pathogen: Gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis (anaerobic organisms)
-Having multiple sexual partners, vaginal douching
119
Vaginal Candidiasis
-Vaginal discharge is curd like
-Pathogen: Candida albicans (other yeast species)
-AIDs, Diabetes…
120
Gonorrhea
-Men: Painful urination, pus-filled discharge
-Women: Asymptomatic
-Pathogen: Neisseria gonnorhoeae
-Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infect the eyes during pregnancy
121
Syphillis
-Primary: Hard, non-painful genital chancre (infectious)
-Secondary: Cold-like symptoms, rash on hands/feet (contagious)
-Latent: Asymptomatic/Dormant
-Tertiary: Gumma lesions, dementia, blindness
-Pathogen: Treponema pallidum (spirochete)
122
Chlamydia
-Painful urination, affect epididymis, sterility in men
-Babes: Affect the eyes (trachoma)
-Development of bubo: Affected lymph node/painful
-Pathogen: Chlamydia trachomatis
-Most common STI
123
Trichomoniasis
-Men: Asymptomatic
-Women: Yellow-green vaginal discharge
-Pathogen: Trichomonas vaginalis
-More common, curable in women
124
Syphillis: Painless, non-itching, wide-spread rash, lasting many weeks
Secondary syphillis
125
Syphillis: Chancre
Primary syphillis
126
Type of Syphilis that leads to malformation of organs
Congenital syphillis
127
Syphillis: Gumma
Tertiary syphillis
128
Candida is associated with
Vaginal yeast infection
129
Neissseria is associated with
Gonorrhea
130
Papillomavirus is associated with
Genital warts
131
chlamydia is associated with
Lymphoganuloma venereum
132
Treponema is associated with
Syphillis
133
Toxic shock syndrome is associated with what pathogen
Staphylococcus
134
A patient at a neighborhood clinic has a foul-smelling, yellowish-green vaginal discharge. This sign is indicative of __________.
Select one:
a.gonorrhea
b.chlamydial infection
c.trichomoniasis
d.syphilis
c.trichomoniasis
135
Which of the following is a zoonosis?
Select one:
a.Chlamydial infections
b.Leptospirosis
c.Gonorrhea
d.Trichomoniasis
e.Syphilis
b.Leptospirosis
136
Which of the following microorganisms is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?
Select one:
a.Escherichia coli
b.Proteus vulgaris
c.Candida albicans
d.Pseudomonas fluorescens
a.Escherichia coli
137
The majority of genital herpes cases are caused by human herpes virus ___.
Select one:
a.2
b.4
c.1
d.6
a.2
138
Which STD can cause trachoma?
Select one:
a.Chlamydial infection
b.Genital warts
c.Trichomoniasis
d.Syphilis
e.Gonorrhea
a.Chlamydial infection
139
HAIs are classified as:
Iatogenic
140
Vaccines are associated with what organization
FDA
141
Transmission of Aseptic meningitis
Viral
142
How is Ebola transmitted:
Bodily fluids
143
Syphilis: Pathogen/Symptom
-Treponia Pallidum
-Gummas
144
Virulence factor of SSSS
Exfoliative Toxins
145
Cytomeglavirus is most commonly transmitted:
Sexually
146
Swimmer’s Itch is most often transmitted through:
Snails (Larvae) and Waterfowl
147
Tinea Cruris affects which region:
Genital
148
Subjects selected because they are members of a certain population at a certain time
Cross-Sectional Study
149
Subjects are categorized on the basis of their exposure to one or more risk factors or
interventions
Cohort Study
150
Subjects identified as having a disease or condition are compared with subjects without the
same disease or condition
Case-Control Study
151
How are Scabies transmitted
Mites
152
How are Scabies transmitted
Mites
153
Which does not spread ehrichosis (unpasteurized milk)
Anthropod Factor
154
Fimbriae that promote adhesion to host cell
Meningococcus
155
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Tetanospasmin
156
Brucellosis is associated with
Milk products
157
Borrelia bugdorferi uses _________
Maganese
158
Axenic
CSF + Blood
159
Transmission of Aseptic meningitis
Virus
160
Peripheral nerves are associated with
Mycobacterium
161
Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors
M-protein, hyaluronic acid capsule, pyrogenic toxins
162
Bacterial Diseases of the skin
Folliculitis, SSSS, Impetigo, Erysipelas, Cellulitis, Necrotizing fasciitis, acne, Cat Scratch Diseas, Pseudomonas, Spotted fever rickettsiosis, Anthrax
163
Cross-Sectional Study
Certain population subset during a certain time
164
Cohort Study
Subjects exposed to one or more risk factors
165
Case-Control Study
Subjects with the condition vs those w/o condition
166
Types of HAIs
Exogenous, Endogenous, Iatrogenic
167
Exogenous HAI
Exposure to pathogens in a health care facility
168
Endogenous HAIs
Opportunistic infections from immune-compromised patients
169
Iatrogenic HAI
“Doctor-induced” or from modern medical procedures (Ie. Catheter)
170
Superinfections
Secondary infectious that are resistant to treatment during the first infection
171
Superbugs
Multi-drug resistant pathogens
172
WHO
Improve public health around world
173
Department of Agriculture
Meat and Dairy regulation
174
Environmental Protection agency
Hazordous wastes
175
CDC
Collect national data/measures to reduce disease (NOT vaccines)
176
FDA
Safety of drugs, ,biological products, medical devices VACCINES, foods etc.
177
NIH
Medical research
178
Non-pathogenic S. Epidemidis secretes
Serine Protease
179
Common Skin Microbiota
-Staphylococcus
-Diptheroids
180
Staphylococcus
-S. Epidermis is very common
-Tolerates 5-10% salt content
-Competes for nutrients/space
-Secretes enzymes that upregulate gene expression to protect from bacteria
181
Diptheroids
-Non-pathogenic
-Found in hair follicles
-Produce acidic environment to defend against infections
-Cause body odor
182
Folliculitis: Key virulence factor against phagocytosis
Protein A
183
Streptococcus Pyogenes Virulence Factors
-M Protein: Interferes with phagocytosis
-Hyaluronic acid capsule: “Camouflage” the bacterium
-Pyrogenic toxins: Release cytokines that stimulate fever, rash and shock
184
Necrotizing Fasciitis: Pathogen
Streptococcus Pyogenes
185
Cat Scratch Disease: Pathogen
Bartonella henselae
186
Pseudomonas Infection: Pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
187
Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis: Pathogen
Rickettsia rickettsii
188
Cutaneous Anthrax: Pathogen
Bacillus anthracis
189
Rubella is also known as:
German Measles
190
During pregnancy, Rubella causes:
Severe birth defects or misscariage/stillbirth
191
Rubella: Pathogen
Rubivirus
192
Measles: Key Symptom
Koplik Spots
193
Measles: Pathogen
Morbillivirus
194
Measles: Mortality Rate in Children
1-5%
195
Erythema Infectiosum: Pathogen
Parvovirus B19
196
Erythema Infectiosum may trigger:
Miscarriage during pregnancy
197
Roseola: Pathogen
HHV-6
198
Roseola is linked to:
Multiple sclerosis
199
Chickenpox/Shingles: Pathogen
Varicella-zoster virus
200
Shingles: Pathogen
Herpes Zoster
201
First disease to be declared eradicated in nature
Smallpox
202
Smallpox: Pathogen
Variola Virus
203
Herpes: Locations/Lesions
Lips: Fever blisters/cold sores
Genitalia: Genital herpes
Fingers: whitlow
-Eyes: Ocular herpes
Anywhere on skin: Herpes gladiatorium
204
Pityriasis Versicolor: Etiologic Agent
Malassezia furfur
205
Fungi growing on skin, nails and hair
Dermatophytoses
206
Cutaneous Myocoses: Common Etiologic Agents
Trichophyton sp., Microsporum sp, Epidermophyton sp.
207
Tinea Pedis
Athlete’s Foot
208
Tinea Cruris
Jock’s Itch
209
Tinea unguium
Nail fungus
210
Tinea corporis
Trunk
211
Tinea capitis
Head
212
Neisseria meningitides: Virulence Factors
Capsule, Fimbriae, Lipid A
