Exam #2 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep throat)
A
-Pathogen: Streptococcus pyogenes
-Signs: Inflammation/redness in throat, pus on tonsil
-Can spread to LRS causing laryngitis and bronchitis
2
Q
Streptococcal Pharyngitis complications
A
-Acute Glomerulonephritis or rheumatic fever
3
Q
Scarlet Fever
A
-Caused by: Streptococcus w/ lysogenic phage
-Produces rash on chest/spreads to the body, strawberry red tongue
4
Q
Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases-Types
A
-Streptococcal Pharyngitis/complications and Scarlet fever
5
Q
Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases: Pathogen/Virulence Factors
A
1.Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococci)
-M protein, Hyaluronic acid capsule, pyrogenic toxins, streptolysin O, Streptokinases, C5a pepsidase
2. Streptococcus equisimilis (Group C streptococci)
-Rarely causes phayngitis
6
Q
Diphtheria
A
-Fluid thickens into a Pseudomembrane
-Pathogen: Corynebacterium diphtheriae
-Virulence factors: AB toxin
-Transmission: Respiratory droplets or skin contact
-Dx/Treatment: Elek Test/Anti-toxin
7
Q
Rhinosinusitis
A
-Streptococcus Pneumoniae (MC bacterial cause)
-Pain and inflammation of the sinuses and nasal passages
-Headache, malaise, inflammation of nasal mucosa
-More common in adults than kids
8
Q
Otitis Media
A
-Painful ear, impaired heading, delayed speech
-If ear drum ruptures, pain suddenly goes away
-More common in kids than adults
9
Q
Pathogens for Rhinositis and Otitis Media
A
-Streptococcus pneumoniae
-Staphylococcus aureus
-Haemophilus influenzae
-Moraxella catarrhalis
-Streptococcus pyogenes
10
Q
Most common bacterial cause of rhinosinusitis
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
11
Q
Bacterial diseases of the upper respiratory system
A
Streptococcal Respiratory diseases (Streptococcal pharyngitis/complications, scarlet fever), Diphtheria, Rhinosinusitis, Otitis Media
12
Q
Viral Diseases of the upper respiratory system
A
-Common cold
13
Q
Common Cold
A
-Signs: Sneezing, rhinorrhea, congestion, sore throat
-Pathogens: Enterovirus (family Picornavridae)
14
Q
Which of the following types of viruses does not cause the common cold?
Select one:
a. Enteroviruses
b. Adenoviruses
c. Coronaviruses
d. Reoviruses
e. Herpes viruses
A
e. Herpes viruses
Herpes viruses are not known to cause URS infections–they can cause skin infections, mononucleosis, and meningitis
15
Q
Which population is currently receiving the adenovirus vaccine in order to prevent outbreaks?
Select one:
a. HIV/AIDS patients
b. The elderly
c. Infants
d. Military recruits
A
d. Military recruits
16
Q
The term rhinovirus, although still commonly used, is no longer an official taxonomic term. To which type of viruses do the rhinoviruses belong?
Select one:
a. Paramyxoviruses
b. Enteroviruses
c. Reoviruses
d. Coronaviruses
A
b. Enteroviruses
17
Q
Serotypes of which viruses that causes the common cold is also known to cause pharyngitis?
Select one:
a. Coronaviruses
b. Enteroviruses
c. Adenoviruses
d. Paramyxoviruses
A
c. Adenoviruses
18
Q
Which of the following can be caused by normal microbiota of the URS?
Select one:
a. Common cold
b. Otitis media
c. Rheumatic fever
d. Diphtheria
A
b. Otitis media
19
Q
Which of the following Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors interferes with phagocytosis?
Select one:
a. M protein
b. Streptokinases
c. Streptolysin O
d. Pyrogenic toxins
A
a. M protein
20
Q
Scarlet fever is a complication of what?
Select one:
a. Salmonella
b. pertussis
c. strep throat
d. tuberculosis
e. influenza
A
c. strep throat
21
Q
Why do most viruses that cause upper respiratory system infections not cause infections in the lower respiratory tract?
Select one:
a. Because there are more dendritic cells in the lower respiratory tract, so the 3rd line of defense is alerted faster.
b. Because they are too large and they cannot enter the alveoli.
c. Because the temperature in the lower respiratory system is to high and does not match the optimal temperature of
reproduction of these viruses.
d. Because the receptor on the host cells is not found in the lower respiratory
A
c. Because the temperature in the lower respiratory system is to high and does not match the optimal temperature of
22
Q
Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system (URS)?
Select one:
a. Pharynx
b. Eustachian tube
c. Larynx
d. Uvula
A
c. Larynx
The uvula is the URS structure closest to the lower respiratory system
23
Q
A pseudomembrane obstructing the airway is indicative of?
Select one:
a. coronavirus
b. pertussis
c. diphtheria
d. thrush
e. SARS
A
c. diphtheria
24
Q
Bacterial Pneumonia
A
-Inflammation of lungs, alveoli and bronchioles (gas exchange)
-Caused by bacterial-more serious, viruses or fungi
-Differentiated by: affected region of the lung, organism causing it, location of acquisition
25
Pneumoccoccal Pneumonia
-Etiologic Agent: Streptococcus Pneumoniae
-Symptoms: Rust or pink colored sputum
-Pathogenesis: Airborne droplets, autoinoculation
-Most common type of bacterial pneumonia (85%)
-Most common in fall and winter
-Vaccine recommended for children (<2 years) and older adults (>65 years)
26
Primary Atypical Pneumonia
-Also called mycoplasmal pneumonia or walking pneumonia
-Pathogen: Mycoplasma pneumoniae
-Leading type of pneumonia in high school and college students
-Pathogenesis: Binding at the base of the cilia
-Transmission: Inhalation/close contact
-Treatment: Antimicrobials
27
Klebsiella Pneumonia
-Pathogen: Klebsiella pneumoniae (Opportunistic)
-Symptoms: Thick bloodly sputum and recurrent chills *
-Transmission: Inhalation
-Can cause mortality if untreated
-Gram negative bacteria are the leading cause of nosocomial infections
28
Other Bacterial Pneumonias
Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, pneumonic plague, chlamydias
29
Legionnaires Disease
-Pathogen: Legionella pneumophila
-Symptoms: Rapid decline of lung function, pleurisy
-Pathogenesis: Intercellular parasite of protozoa (amoebae)
-Transmission: Inhalation and aerosolized water
-Epidemiology: Can survive heat and chlorination, at greater risk in smokers, elderly, patients with resp disease
-Treatment: Antibiotics; 50% of patients die if untreated
30
Tuberculosis
-Breathing difficulty, fatigue, malaise, weight loss…
-Pathogen: Mycobacterium tuberculosis*
-Virulence Factors: Mycolic acid*(Prevents lysis), cord factor
-Pathogenesis: Primary TB (lower lobes)-Granuloma* (After 3 months), secondary TB (higher lobes), disseminated TB
-A very common disease, leading disease killed in world
-Prevention: Vaccine (can’t be used in immunocompromised)
31
Pertussis
-Pathogen: Boratella pertussis*
-Symptoms: Severe cough starts after 1-2 weeks, patient may develop cyanosis,
-Virulence factors: Filamentous agglutinin, petussis toxin, others
-Pathogenesis: Petussis toxin* (triggers more receptors for filamentous hemagglutinin)
-Transmission: Highly contagious through respiratory droplets
-Life threatening in children <5 years
32
Inhalation Anthrax
-Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis*
-Virulence factors: Capsule, anthrax toxin
-Contracted from infected animals via inhalation of endospores
-Tx: Penicillin/Vaccine for military personnel
33
Influenza
-Sudden high fever, pharyngitis, congestion, dry cough, malaise, headache, myalgia
-Pathogens: Influenzavirus A and B*, Antigenic drift*-Seasonal epidemics, antigenic shift*-more likely to cause mortality (less common)
-Transmission: Airborne droplets, person-to-person contact, contaminated fomites
34
Coronavirus Respiratory Syndrome
-Signs/Symptoms: High fever, shortness of breath, malaise body aches, diarrhea
-Pathogen: Coronaviruses*
-Transmission: Respiratory droplets/adhere to lungs, can spread via blood
-Treatment: Vaccines
35
RSV
-Signs/symptoms: Croup*-Barking cough, difficulty breathing
-Leading cause of bronchitis
-Pathogen: RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)*
-Transmission: Person to person-most common, respiratory droplets
-Virus triggers formation of syncytia*
-Treatment: Soap/water/disinfectants
36
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
-Fever, fatigue, muscle aches, some headache, chills, GI symproms,
-50% fatality rate d/t pneumonia and shock
-Pathogen: Hantavirus*
-Disease is contracted by inhalation of dried mouse urine, feces or saliva containing the virus*
-Transmission: Enters blood following inhalation
37
Fungal disease of the LRS
-Coccidiodomycosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis
38
Mycoses of the LRS
-Coccidiomycosis, Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis
-Acquired through the inhalation of fungal spores in environment
39
Coccidiomycosis
-Pathogen: Coccidiodes immites* and C.Posadasii*
-Valley fever; Southwestern US/Northern Mexico
-May have diffuse rash on trunk
40
Blastomycosis
-Pathogen: Blastomyces dermatidis*
-Southeast US to Canada
-Cutaneous form causing painless lesions on face and upper body
41
Histoplasmosis
-Pathogen: Histoplasma capsulatum*
-Spelunkers Disease; East US
-Most commonly asymptomatic; In AIDS patients enlarged spleen and liver, type I hypersensitivity
42
Bacterial infections of the LRS
Bacterial pneumonia, Legionnaires disease, tuberculosis, pertussis, inhalation anthrax
43
First and second line of defence in LRS
Cilated mucous membrane lines trachea/bronchi/bronchioles, alveolar macrophages, IgA in mucus
44
Viral Diseases in LRS
Influenza, Coronavirus respiratory syndrome, RSV, Hantavirus
45
Infectious Diseases of the Digestive System
Peptic ulcer disease, Bacterial gastroenteritis, Staphylococcal food poisoning
46
Peptic Ulcer Disease
-Signs/Symptoms: Severe abdominal pain* (usually end up in the ER), nausea, vomitting, heart burn, chest pain, black tar-like stool*
-Pathogen: Helicobacter pylori*
-Transmission: Fecal-oral route
-Virulence Factors: Protein that inhibits HCl production, urease (breaks down urea, producting ammonia)
-Treatment: Antimicrobials, proper food handling, sewage treatment/water purification
-Studies show that this could lead to esophageal cancer
47
Shigellosis (Bacterial Gastroenteritis)
-Signs/symptoms: Fever, abdominal cramps, bloody stool
-Pathogen: Shigella (four species)
-Virulence Factors: Enterotoxins(diarhhea)*, Shiga toxin*(stops protein synthesis to host cells)*, type III secretion system
-Epidemiology: 165 mil cases/year
-Transmission: poor sanitation (fecal-oral route)
48
Traveler’s Diarrhea (Bacterial Gastroenteritis)
-Pathogen: Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia Coli*
-Virulence Factors: Fimbriae, adhesions, shiga-like toxin (caused RBC lysis, can lead to kidney failure), EHEC
-Epidemiology: 0157: H7 found in up to 50% of beef carcasses in US
49
Campylobacter Diarrhea (Bacterial Gastroenteritis)
*Most common bacterial gastroenteritis in US*
-Signs/symptoms: Bleeding lesions in jejunum, ileum, and colon
-Pathogen: Campylobacter jejuni*
-Epidemiology: Chickens (81%), common in other fowl, birds, water
-Can cause: IBS, arthritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
-Prevention: Clean contaminated kitchen surfaces, cook food to proper temperature (>165 degrees), avoid beaches
50
C. Diff Diarrhea
-AKA: antimicrobial-associated diarrhea
-Signs/Symptoms: Clear, watery, foul-smelling bowel movements/day, Can escalate to psendomembranous colitis (highly inflammatory intestinal lesions)*
-Pathogen: Clostridium difficile*
-Pathogenesis: Antimicrobials can kill good bacteria
-Virulence Factors: AB Toxin
-Treatment: Use of probiotics (Lactobacillus), fecal transplants; NO ANTIDIARRHEAL meds
51
Bacterial Gastroenteritis (Food poisoning)
-Inflammation of stomach or intestines, caused by bacteria
-Transmission: Poorly prepared foods, contaminated water, poor living conditions
-Signs/symptoms: Quick abdominal pains/cramps, can lead to vomitting, diarrhea, loose stools-dysentery
-Common
-Diagnosis: Fecal smear, nucleic acid tests
-Treatment: Usually go away on their own
-Prevention: Proper handling of food: Washing raw food, cooking temperature, washing hands and utensils…
52
Salmonellosis
-Pathogen: Salmonella enterica*, found in intestines in most vertebrates, >2500 serotypes/strains
-Virulence factors: Resistant to stomach acid, type III secretion system
-Pathogenesis: Eating of cooking with contaminated egg*
-Self limiting within a week
53
Typhoid Fever
-Pathogen: Salmonella enterica*, found in intestines in most vertebrates, >2500 serotypes/strains
-Virulence factors: Resistant to stomach acid, type III secretion system
-Pathogenesis: Food or water contaminated with feces from a carrier of S. Enterica Typhi or Paratyphi*
-Asymptomatic; can affect spleen, bone marrow, gall bladder
-Treated by antibiotics
54
Cholera
-Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae*; caused by specific strains such as O139, environment of the human body
-Virulence Factors: Cholera toxin (AB toxin), stimulates cell to secrete elecrolytes and promotes water loss; dehydration, thirst, metabolic acidosis, death-poor access to sanitation
-Signs/Symptoms: “Rice-water” diarrhea*
-Prevention: Access to clean water/sanitation, boiling of water, properly cooking fish
55
Bacterial Intoxication
-Food poisionings caused by toxins, microbe itself may not be present
-Signs/symptoms: Short incubation time, nausea, vomiting, diarhhea, abdominal cramping, discomfort, bloating, loss of appetite, fever
56
Staphylococcal food poisioning
Pathogen: Staphylococcus aureus*
-Common Foods: Processed meats, custard pastries, potato salad, ice cream
-Virulence factors: Heat-stable enterotoxins, Salt-tolerance
57
Which of the following conditions has the shortest incubation time (a few hours)?
Select one:
a.E. coli O157:H7
b.Cholera
c.Shigellosis
d.Campylobacter diarrhea
e.Staphylococcal food poisoning
e.Staphylococcal food poisoning
58
Source of infection: Salmonellosis
Reptiles
59
Source of infection: E. coli O157:H7
Beef
60
Source of infection: Cholera
Contaminated Water
61
Source of infection: Staphylococcal food poisoning
Potato Salad
62
Which of the following is considered a healthcare associated infection?
Select one:
a.C. diff diarrhea
b.Cholera
c.E. coli O157:H7
d.Shigellosis
e.Typhoid fever
a.C. diff diarrhea
63
The order of magnitude of the number of bacterial cells in the lower small intestine and colon is _____________.
Select one:
a.quadrillions
b.trillions
c.billions
d.millions
b.trillions
64
What is the etiologic agent of traveler's diarrhea?
Select one:
a.Staphylococcus aureus
b.Salmonella enterica
c.Campylobacter jejuni
d.Shigella sonnei
e.Escherichia coli
e.Escherichia coli
65
For which of the following gastroenteritis diseases is rice-water stool a typical sign?
Select one:
a.Typhoid fever
b.Traveler's diarrhea
c.Cholera
d.Salmonellosis
e.Campylobacter diarrhea
c.Cholera
66
Which of the following is the temperature danger zone, where pathogens can multiply and eventually can cause some type of food poisoning?
Select one:
a.33-41°F
b.41-135°F
c.81-135°F
d.41-105°F
b.41-135°F
67
Which type of bacterial gastroenteritis is associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome?
Select one:
a.Campyloacter diarrhea
b.Cholera
c.Salmonellosis
d.Shigellosis
e.E. coli O157:H7 infection
a.Campyloacter diarrhea
68
Which of the following can be transmitted by an asymptomatic carrier?
Select one:
a.E. coli O157:H7
b.Salmonella enterica Typhi
c.Shigella dysenteriae
d.Vibrio cholerae
e.Campylobacter je
b.Salmonella enterica Typhi
69
Viral Diseases of the digestive system
Oral herpes, mumphs, viral gastroenteritis, hepatitis
70
Fungal diseases in the digestive system
Thrush
71
Protozoan diseases of the digestive system
Giardiasis, cryptospoidosis, amoebiasis,
72
Helminthic Diseases of the Digestive System
Taeniasis, Entetobiasis, sushi-related helminthic parasites
73
Sushi-related helminthic parasites
Anisakdosis, diphyllobothriasis
74
Oral Herpes
-Signs/symptoms: Cold sores extending into the oral cavity; Usually asymptomatic in young children (80% are infected by age 2)
-Pathogen: HHV-1*
-Epidemiology: Spreads easily through open lesions, as well as contaminated fomites
-Treatments: Antivirals, don’t share toiletries
75
Mumps
-Virus infects salivary glands, particularly the parotid*
-Pathogen: Mumps virus*
-Signs/symptoms: Parotitis (parotid gland swelling); can spread via flood and infect other organs (testes, ears-deafness)
-Epidemiology: Spread through respiratory droplets (highly contagious), enter through mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract
-Tx: MMR vaccine
76
Viral Gastroenteritis
-Signs/symptoms: Similar to bacterial gastroenteritis, but less severe
Pathogens: Calciviruses/astroviruses, rotaviruses*
-Epidemiology: Outbreaks in the winter are common, rotaviral (more common in infants), noroviral (90% of non-bacterial gastrointestinal infections)
-Treatment: Support fluid/electrolyte loss, prevention (adequate sewage treatment, water purification, good hygiene), oral vaccine against rotaviruses
77
Hepatitis
-Inflammation of liver caused by infection, autoimmune disease, alcohol abuse, genetic disorders
-Signs/symptoms: Hep A: fever, Hep B: vomitting/joint pain*, Hep C: dark urine, Hep E: vomiting and dark urine
-Pathogens: HAV, HBV, HCV-most deadly, HDV HEV
-No vaccine for HCV or HEV
78
Hepatitis: Portal of Entry
-A and E: ingestion (fecal-oral) EAT
-B,C and delta: parenternal transmission (needles, sex, birth)
79
Prevention of Hepatitis
-HAV/HEV: wash hands, cooks food, avoid contaminated H2O
-HBV, HCV, HDV: Avoid sharing needles, use condoms
80
Thrush
-Candidiasis in mouth/throat (oropharyngeal), potentially esophageal; oppotunistic infection
-Signs/symptoms: White patches in mouth, redness or soreness,
-Pathogen: Candida
-At Risk: Immunocompromised individuals
-Also common in: Infants
81
Gardiasis
-Pathogen: Giardia duodenalis*, formed as a cyst
-Fairly common water-borne gastrointestinal disease in US
-Signs/symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, malabsorption; sometimes can be asymptomatic
-Pathogenesis: Cysts survive passage through stomach, trophozoites emerge from cysts in the small intestine; results in malnutrition and bulky feces
-Treatment/Prevention: Lots of fluids; boil water/water filtration
82
Cryptosporidiosis
-Pathogen: Cryptosporidium sp.*, banana-shaped protozoan
-Epidemiology: Approx 30% of people in developing countries
-Signs/symptoms: Severe watery diarrhea, several times per day, lasts about two weeks
-Outbreaks associated with swimming pools
-Treatment/Prevention: Avoid contaminated water or food
83
Amebiasis
-Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica*: Virulent, avirulent, cysts/trophyzoites
-Transmission: fecal-oral route
-Signs/symptoms: Luminal amebiasis, amebic dysentery, invasive extraintestinal amebiasis
-Tx: Antiamebic drugs, rehydration, avoid undercooked veggies/water in areas affected
84
Beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
85
Pork tapeworm
Taenia solium
86
Taeniasis or Tapeworm infestations
-Signs/symptoms: Usually asymptomatic; In rase cases causes nausea, weight loss, diarrhea; long worms may block intestine
-Life cycle: Human is primary host, pig is intermediate host
-Epidemiology: Found worldwide, where pork/beef=food; Highest infestation in poor rural areas
-Treatment/prevention: Cooking/freezing meat, meat inspection, good sewage treatment
87
Pinworm Infestation
-Signs/symptoms: Intense perianal itching; 1/3 asymptomatic
-Pathogen/Infestation: Enterobius vermicularis = pinworm, nematode (roundworm)*, helminth*
-Epidemiology: Usually in children or in overcrowded conditions
-Treatment: Prescription drug
88
Anisakidosis
-Sushi-related helminthic parasites
-Herring worm disease
-Pathogen: Anisakis simplex
-Signs/symptoms: typically asymptomatic
-Epidemiology: Prevelance unknown
89
Diphyllobothriasis
-Fish tape worm disease
-Pathogen: Diphyllobothrium sp*
-Most important fish-borne zoonosis
-Freezing effectively kills pathogen
90
Cryptosporidosis: Etiology
Protozoa
91
Thrush: Etiologic Agent
Fungi
92
Mumps: Etiologic Agent
Viruses
93
Anisakidosis: Etiologic Agent
Helminths
94
Giardiasis: Etiologic Agent
Protozoa
95
Enterobiasis: Etiologic Agent
Helminths
96
The mumps virus infects which of the following?
Select one:
a.The pancreas
b.The gall bladder
c.Salivary glands
d.The liver
e.The stomach
c.Salivary glands
97
Which of the following has caused many outbreaks on cruise ships?
Select one:
a.Anisakis
b.Rotavirus
c.Cryptosporidium
d.Hepatitis delta virus
e.Norovirus
e.Norovirus
98
Which of the following can be contracted from Sushi containing raw fish?
Select one:
a.Giardia
b.Taenia
c.Hepatitis C virus
d.Diphyllobothrum
e.Candida
d.Diphyllobothrum
99
Which of the following statement is true for human herpes virus 1 and Candida?
Select one:
a.They are both food-borne diseases
b.They can cause disease in the esophagus in HIV/AIDS patients
c.They both have a latent stage
d.They are both part of the microbiome of the intestinal system.
b.They can cause disease in the esophagus in HIV/AIDS patients
100
Which other hepatitis virus needs to be also present in a patient for hepatitis delta to successfully replicate?
Select one:
a.Hepatitis B virus
b.Hepatitis A virus
c.Hepatitis C virus
d.Hepatitis E virus
a.Hepatitis B virus
101
Hepatitis A: Mode of Transmission
Food-borne
102
Hepatitis B: Mode of Transmission
Parenternal Route
103
Hepatitis C: Mode of Transmission
Parenternal Route
104
Hepatitis E: Mode of Transmission
Food-Borne
105
Term for a large number of bacteria that are actively driving
Septicemia
106
Compare the symptoms of these STDS
-Gonorrhea
-Syphillis
-Chlamydia
-Genital Herpes
-Chlamydia: lymphogranuloma venereum causing bubos
-Syphillis: Chancre/gumma lesions
-Gonorrhea: Painful urination, pus-filled discharge
-Genital Herpes: Lesions on genitals
107
Streptococcal phayngitis: Pathogen
Streptococcus pyogenes
108
Streptococcus pyogenes: Virulence factors
M protein, Hyaluronic acid capsule, Pyrogenic toxins, Streptolysin O, Streptokinases, C5a peptidase*
109
Diptheria: Fluid thickens into a _________
Pseudomembrane
110
Diptheria: Pathogen
Corynebacterium diptheriae
111
Diptheria: Virulence factors
C. Diptheriae, AB Toxin
112
Common Cold: Pathogen
Enterovirus (family Picornaviridae)
113
Bacterial Diseases: Upper Respiratory
Streptococcus pharyngitis, Diptheriae, Rhinosinusitis, and Otitis Media
114
Pneumococcal Pneumonia: Pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
115
Primary Atypical Pneumonia: Pathogen
-Mycoplamal pneumonia or walking pneumonia
-Pathogen: Mycoplasma pneumoniae
116
Klebsiella Pneumonia: Signs/Symptoms
Thick bloody sputum and recurrent chills
117
Legionnaire’s Disease: Pathogen
Legionella pneumophilia
118
Tuberculosis: Pathogen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
119
Tuberculosis: Key Virulence Factor
Mycolic acid
120
Pertussis: Pathogen
Bordatella pertussis
121
Inhalation Anthrax: Pathogen
Bacillus anthracis
122
Influenza: Pathogen
Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus B
123
Antigenic drift
Seasonal epidemics
124
Antigenic shift
More likely to cause pandemics with significant mortality
125
RSV: Key Symptom
-Croup (trachobronchitis): Barking cough, difficulty breathing
126
RSV triggers the formation of ______
Syncytia
127
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is contacted by:
Inhalation of mouse urine, feces or saliva containing the virus
128
Coccidiomycosis
-Valley fever
-Southwestern US, Northern Mexico, and small semiarid of Central and South America
129
Mycoses of the LRS: Pathogens
-Coccidiodides immites and C. Posadasii,
-blastomyces dermatidis
-histoplasma capsulatum
130
Bacterial Diseases of the LRS
Bacterial Pneumonia, Legionnaire’s Disease, Tuberculosis, Pertussis, Inhalation Anthrax
131
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
132
Shigellosis: Virulence Factors
-Enterotoxins, Shiga toxin
133
Traveler’s Diarrhea: Pathogen
Enterotoxigenic strains of E. Coli
134
Most common bacterial gastroenteritis in the US
Campylobacter Diarrhea
135
C. Diff Diarrhea: Key Sign/Symptom
Pseudomembranous colitis
136
Typhoid Fever: Pathogen
-Food or water contaminated with feces
-S. Enterica Typhi or Paratyphi
137
Samonellosis: Pathogenesis
Eating or cooking with contaminated egg
138
Cholera: Pathogen
Vibrio cholerae
139
Cholera: Sign/Symptom
“Rice-water” diarrhea
140
Viral Digestive
Oral Herpes, Mumps, Viral gastroenteritis, hepatitis
141
Fungal Digestive
Thrush
142
Peptic Ulcer Disease: Pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
143
Cholera: Pathogen
Vibrio cholerae
144
Viral gastroenteritis: Pathogen
Calciviruses/astroviruses and rotaviruses
145
Gardiasis: Pathogen
Giardia Duodenalis
146
Amebiasis: Pathogen
Entamoeba histolytica
147
Taeniasis: Pathogen
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solinium (pork tapeworm)
148
Pinworm infestation: Pathogen
Enteromobius vermicularis
149
Traveller’s Diarrhea: Virulence Factors
Fimbria, Adhesins, Shiga-Like toxin
150
Campylobacter Diarrhea: Virulence Factors
Adhesins, cytotoxins, endotoxins, intracellular pathogen
151
Samonella: Virulence Factor
Type III secretion system
152
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning: Virulence Factors
Heat tolerant enterotoxins, salt-tolerance
153
Pain & Inflammation of the sinuses and nasal passages
Rhinosinusitis
154
Scarlet Fever: Pathogens
Streptococcus pyogenes and Steptococcus equisimilis
155
Otitis Media/Rhinosinusitis: Pathogens
Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, haemophilis influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pyogenes
156
Trichomoniasis: Pathogen
Trichomonas Vaginalis
157
Severe itching and burning, curd-like discharge
Vaginal Candidiasis
158
Bacterial Vaginosis: Pathogens
Gardnerella vaginalis and mycoplasma hominis
159
UTI: Pathogens
E.Coli (70%), Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Proteus Vulgaris
160
Mucus Composition
Defensins, Lactoferrin, Lysozyme
161
Treatment of Diptheriae
Use of an Elek Test and use of Anti Toxin
