exam 1 Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Why do we domesticate animals
A
dependable food source, greater abundance/herd size, safer, less time required
2
Q
extend of food is …. related to the standard of living
A
directly
3
Q
why do we feed animals when we can feed humans the same inputs
A
animals utilize feeds we cannot
4
Q
basic forms of energy
A
sugar, starch, cellulose
5
Q
50% of solar energy is trapped as…
A
cellulose
6
Q
40% of world’s ag land can be used only by …..
A
ruminants
7
Q
feed to gain ration
A
lbs of feed/lbs of gain
8
Q
beef feed to gain ratio
A
8:1
9
Q
swine feed to gain ratio
A
3: 1
10
Q
poultry feed to gain ratio
A
2:1
11
Q
fish feed to gain ratio
A
1.5: 1
12
Q
animal needs to be …. prior to harvest
A
unconscious
13
Q
types of unconscious stunning
A
electrocution, captive bolt, carbon dioxide
14
Q
exsanguinate
A
drain blood
15
Q
what internal organs are removed during harvest
A
drop, viscera, offal
16
Q
types of muscle firmness and wetness for pigs
A
pale soft exudative and dark firm dry
17
Q
yield for hogs
A
74-75%
18
Q
yield for cattle
A
60%
19
Q
yield for sheep
A
50%
20
Q
dressing percentage calculation
A
[(hot or cold) carcass weight/live weight ] x 100
21
Q
water percentage
A
65-70%
22
Q
protein percentage
A
15-20%
23
Q
fat percentage
A
2-12%
24
Q
mineral percentage
A
1%
25
by products adds $.... per pound of live weight
$.05 to $.12
26
yolk is high in ... and ...
cholesterol and fat
27
cattle number is .... and production is ...
declining, increasing
28
calf phase 0-8 months
cow-calf
29
calf phase 8-12 months
stocker, yearling
30
calf phase 12-18 months
feeder/feedlot
31
types of beef
prime, choice, select, standard, commercial, utility, cutter, canner
32
poultry uses ... which is start-finish, centralized and controlled production
vertical integration
33
phases of production for swine (type of pig)
weaner pig, feeder pig, finisher
34
types of operations for swine
farrow to wean, farrow to finish, wean or feeder to finish
35
...million sheep in 1942 and ...million in 1996
56, 9
36
two largest expenditures are ... and ...
food and healthcare
37
sources of greenhouse gas
enteric fermentation, land application of manure, manure storage/treatment
38
CAFO's
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
39
...% of illness due to improper handling/prep in food service business
77
40
...% illness due to improper handling/prep at home
20
41
...% due to food manufacturing defects or failure
3
42
HACCP
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Plans
43
livestock industry changes: maximization of ... and minimization of ...
efficiency, input cost
44
profit loss equation
profit loss = (production (lbs) x price) - costs
45
anthropomorphism
ascribing human characteristics to non-human things
46
first freedom approach
freedom from thirst, hunger, and malnutrition
47
second freedom approach
freedom from discomfort
48
third freedom approach
freedom from pain, injury, and disease
49
fourth freedom approach
freedom from fear and distress
50
fifth freedom approach
freedom from abuse and neglect
51
humans are ... responsible and can make .....
morally, moral choices
52
stimulus
adaptagent
53
a change in one or more outputs in behavioral, functional, immune or structural traits as a response to an adaptagent
adaptate
54
successfully copes with 1 or more adaptagents
adapts
55
failing to cope with adaptagents, adaptagent is called a ...
stressor
56
four categories of stress
understress, eustress, overstress, distress
57
animal needs
physiologic, safety, behavioral, preferences/demands
58
many anomalous behaviors are caused by stress due ...
frustration and/or aversive situations
59
animal may cope with frustration in ... ways
4
60
we cannot evaluate .... as we cannot know an animal's .....
conscious suffering, conscious activities
61
overall ... and ... are sensitive indicators of state-of-being
health and performance
62
satisfactory state-of-being over a range of conditions provided by various production systems
welfare plateau
63
constantly monitored via central nervous system
internal environment
64
ways animals responds to unfavorable situation
neural signals, neuro-endocrine signals, endocrine signals
65
agricultural strategies must accord with local climatic realities
external environment
66
most common factor affecting production
effect of temperature and air quality
67
types of adaptation by the animal
BMR, feed intake, shiver or sweat, congregation and location change, hair coat and fat cover
68
tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance
homeostasis
69
intensive confinement considerations
costly, minimum space desirable, space requirements
70
range of temperature, where heat production and loss are equal
thermalneutral zone
71
lower limit of TNZ pt. at which heat production must rise as temperature falls
critical temp
72
upper limit of TNZ, heat loss must rise as temp rises
point of hyper thermal rise
73
accounts for other environmental factors
effective ambient temperature
74
growth is not as simple as ....
body weight gain
75
factors that can impact growth
genetic and environmental factors
76
growth is a change in ....
size, form, composition
77
number of muscle cells, determined during prenatal growth
hyperplasia
78
increase in cell size, during postnatal development
hypertrophy
79
fat that is under the hide or skin, "external"
subcutaneous fat
80
fat in abdominal cavity which surrounds kidney, heart, and pelvic area
internal fat
81
seam fat, fat between muscle groups
intermuscular fat
82
fat within the muscles, marbling
intramuscular fat
83
degradation
catabolism
84
growth
anabolism
85
