exam 2

Question 1

the study of inheritance

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

rodlike bodies contained within the nucleus of a cell

Answer 2

chromosome

Question 3

functional units of inheritance

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

location of gene in a chromosome

Answer 4

locus

Question 5

corresponding in type of structure and derived from a common primitive origin

Answer 5

homologous

Question 6

designating an individual that possesses unlike genes for a particular trait

Answer 6

heterozygous

Question 7

any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual

Answer 7

trait

Question 8

an observed category or measured level of performance for a trait of an individual

Answer 8

phenotype

Question 9

allele with the greater effect is dominant over its recessive counterpart

Answer 9

dominant vs. recessive

Question 10

increase in productivity in crossbred progeny above the average of the breeds that were crossed

Answer 10

heterosis

Question 11

hybrid vigor =

Answer 11

heterosis

Question 12

mating of animals more closely related than the average population

Answer 12

inbreeding

Question 13

mating of animals not as closely related as the average of the population

Answer 13

outbreeding

Question 14

quickly identifies desirable and undesirable genes

Answer 14

inbreeding

Question 15

mild form of inbreeding, used to maintain a high genetic relationship to an outstanding ancestor

Answer 15

line breeding

Question 16

crossing so the strengths of the breeds compliment one another

Answer 16

heterosis

Question 17

subjectively measured

Answer 17

qualitative

Question 18

objectively measured

Answer 18

quantitative

Question 19

all the elements of the genetic model for quantitative traits applied to the individual as opposed to a population

Answer 19

value

Question 20

result of both the cumulative effects of the individual genes and the effect of gene combinations

Answer 20

genotype

Question 21

expression of a given trait

Answer 21

phenotype

Question 22

summation of all non-genetic influences

Answer 22

environment

Question 23

total of all the independent genetic effects in an animal on a given trait

Answer 23

breeding value

Question 24

portion of the genotype attributed to the gene combinations unique to particular animal

Answer 24

non-additive value

Question 25

true or false: non-additive values are passed on to the next generation

Answer 25

false

Question 26

superiority of selected animals compared to herd average

Answer 26

selection differential

Question 27

portion of the selection differential that is passed from parent to offspring

Answer 27

heritability

Question 28

high heritable traits

Answer 28

40%+

Question 29

medium heritability

Answer 29

20-39%

Question 30

low heritability

Answer 30

<20%

Question 31

genetic change/year

Answer 31

heritability x selection differential generation interval

Question 32

average age of parents when offspring are born

Answer 32

generation interval

Question 33

basis for selection

Answer 33

pedigree, individual performance/appearance, progeny testing

Question 34

EPD

Answer 34

Expected progeny differences

Question 35

EPD's are calculated for traits by utilizing information on

Answer 35

individual, siblings, ancestors, progeny

Question 36

pure breds with recorded pedigree

Answer 36

seedstock producers

Question 37

cross two or more breeds or lines of breeding

Answer 37

commercial producers

Question 38

knowing which genes 2 animals have in common and if they exist in homo or hetero

Answer 38

relationship

Question 39

inbreeding increases ....

Answer 39

homozygosity

Question 40

in inbreeding 60-70% of herds show ...

Answer 40

detrimental effects

Question 41

in inbreeding 30-40% show...

Answer 41

no detrimental effects

Question 42

inbred animals with superior performance are most likely to have .....

Answer 42

superior breeding value

Question 43

crossbreeding is used for

Answer 43

complementation of breeds and heterosis

Question 44

increase in productivity in the progeny above the average line that are crossed

Answer 44

heterosis

Question 45

unrelated animals within the same breed are mated which increases heterozygosity

Answer 45

outcrossing

Question 46

outcrossing is usefulness is ....

Answer 46

dependent upon selection

Question 47

the ovary produces

Answer 47

ova (eggs), estrogen, and progesterone

Question 48

site of fertilization

Answer 48

oviducts

Question 49

muscle under skin of scrotum

Answer 49

tunica dartos

Question 50

sexual maturity for cattle

Answer 50

12 months

Question 51

sexual maturity for swine

Answer 51

6-7 months

Question 52

sexual maturity for sheep

Answer 52

6-7 months

Question 53

sexual maturity for horses

Answer 53

15-18 months

Question 54

anatomy of the udder

Answer 54

streak canal, teat cistern, gland cistern, duct & ductules, lobes and lobules,

Question 55

the fundamental growing units of mammary tissue

Answer 55

lobules

Question 56

in the functional milk unit, milk is ... and ...

Answer 56

synthesized and released

Question 57

alveoli i made of ..., ...., and...

Answer 57

alveoli cells, myo-epithelial cells, capillaries

Question 58

contracts in response to oxytocin

Answer 58

myo-epithelial cells

Question 59

mammary growth... aka

Answer 59

mammogenesis

Question 60

mammary growth starts during ....

Answer 60

embryonic and fetal period

Question 61

results in duct development and an increase in cell number

Answer 61

estrus effect

Question 62

involved in lengthening and branching ducts

Answer 62

estrogen

Question 63

duct and ductile cell multiplication

Answer 63

progestrone

Question 64

causes lobuloalveolar development

Answer 64

progesterone and estrogen

Question 65

innitiation of lactation

Answer 65

lactogenesis

Question 66

programmed cell death

Answer 66

apoptosis

Question 67

types of digestion

Answer 67

mechanical action, chemical action, enzymatic action

Question 68

mastication, saliva (amylase)

Answer 68

mouth

Question 69

low pH (HCL), (enzyme activation)

Answer 69

stomach

Question 70

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Answer 70

small intestine

Question 71

microbial fermentation (VFA's--horses &rabbits)

Answer 71

large intestine/cecum

Question 72

four compartment stomach

Answer 72

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

Question 73

microbial vat

Answer 73

rumen

Question 74

honeycomb

Answer 74

reticulum

Question 75

many leaves

Answer 75

omasum

Question 76

true stomach

Answer 76

abomasum

Question 77

cud chewing, allows for rapid ingestion of feed, and complete mastication at a later time

Answer 77

rumination

Question 78

elimination of gasses produced from microbial fermentation

Answer 78

eructation

Question 79

the rumen is covered with ....

Answer 79

papilla

Question 80

tongue like projections

Answer 80

papilla

Question 81

traps hardware and aids in regurgitation

Answer 81

reticulum

Question 82

many leaves or plies

Answer 82

omasum

Question 83

true stomach

Answer 83

abomasum

Question 84

bypasses rumen, passageway that extends from esophagus

Answer 84

esophageal groove

Question 85

which species has a cecum for microbial fermentation after primary absorptive areas

Answer 85

horses

Question 86

which species has an enlarged esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard and 2 paired ceca

Answer 86

poultry

Question 87

which species has the most human like digestive structure

Answer 87

pigs

Question 88

organic catalyst that speeds a chemical reaction without being altered by the reaction

Answer 88

enzyme

Question 89

HCL activates digestive enzymes

Answer 89

stomach

Question 90

chyme or digest mixed with secretions occurs in ...

Answer 90

small intestine

Question 91

moves from high concentrations to low

Answer 91

passive absorption

Question 92

involves energy (ATP, NADH, and others)

Answer 92

active absorption

Question 93

VFA production occurs in the ...

Answer 93

rumen

Question 94

used for energy, fatty acids

Answer 94

acetate

Question 95

used for energy, gluconeogenesis

Answer 95

propionate

Question 96

used for energy, fatty acids

Answer 96

butyrate

Question 97

VFA's go to liver

Answer 97

acetate, propionate, butryate

Question 98

most forgotten nutrient

Answer 98

water

Question 99

sources of water

Answer 99

dry matter of feedstuffs, metabolic water

Question 100

nutrient with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 100

carbohydrates

Question 101

mono and di-saccharides

Answer 101

simple

Question 102

starch, glycogen, cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose

Answer 102

complex

Question 103

types of carbohydrates

Answer 103

simple and complex

Question 104

types of fats

Answer 104

saturated and unsaturated

Question 105

no double bonds, solid at room temp

Answer 105

saturated

Question 106

double bonds, liquid at room temp

Answer 106

unsaturated

Question 107

six classes of nutrients

Answer 107

water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Question 108

% crude protein =

Answer 108

% N (100/16=6.25)

Question 109

how many essential amino accids are there

Answer 109

10

Question 110

acronym for amino acids

Answer 110

PVT TIM HALL

Question 111

used by ruminal microbes to create microbal proteins

Answer 111

non-protein nitrogen

Question 112

types of minerals

Answer 112

macro and micro

Question 113

minerals added at high concentrations

Answer 113

macro

Question 114

minerals added at low concentrations, but required

Answer 114

micro

Question 115

types of macro minerals

Answer 115

calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfur

Question 116

types of micro minerals

Answer 116

co, cu, fl, l, fe, mn, mo, se, zn

Question 117

types of vitamins

Answer 117

fat soluble and water soluble

Question 118

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 118

A,D,E,K

Question 119

water soluble vitamins

Answer 119

c, b-vitamins

Question 120

apparent digestibility of feeds equation

Answer 120

[(nutrient in feed-nutrient in feces x 100)/nutrient in feed]