Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Integument

Answer 1

Importance -Behavior -Thermoregulation -Sensory, protection, detection -Water/gas exchange Ecdysis -frequent when growing -requires humidity/bathing -One piece in healthy snakes -Shed teeth and tongue

Answer 2

-Natural history -Photoperiod -Thermogradient POTZ (75-90F) preferred optimum temperature zone Basking areas Ridge-nose rattlesnake -Hide areas -Nutrition Manual restraint -Support body, especially boids -Venemous only experienced handlers, snake hook

Answer 3

**Most important diagnostic tool** -Visual exam -Species ID, gender -Head to tail exam -Weight and measurements -Oral exam -Coelomic palpation -Serial exams in hospital BCS 1-5 1: Emaciated 2: Fair condition 3: Normal 4: Overweight 5: Obese Oral Exam -MMs: green mucosa = liver issues, lower PCV normal = less pink than mammals. Thick and sticky = dehydration. -Soft spatula to open mouth -Discharge from glottis or other areas -tongue flicking sign of good health -Plaque/stomatitis -Teeth -Parasites Eye -No eyelids -Cloudy eyes during shedding -Retained spectacle -Subspectacular abscess: swelling ventral window to allow drainage Nostrils, Ears, Head symmetry, Skin -Nostrils: symmetry, discharge -Tympanum (ear) no external ear -Skin: shedding = ecdysis. Dysedysis abnormal shedding, skin lesions, fungal disease, external parasites Coelomic Palpation -3-4 quadrant approach -Gall bladder: landmark for splenopancreas and distal stomach -Fluid -Enlarged organs -Foreign bodies -Eggs

Answer 4

Blood drawing/processing -Sterile prep, wear gloves -Ventral tail vein -0.5-0.8 ml/100 g BW-healthy -Heparin vs EDTA, heparin best -Lymph contamination -Whole blood and plasma banking Radiology -Adequate restraint -May need to do repeated segments -Make sure to label Cr, Cd, R, L Ultrasound -Sternal or dorsal recumbency -Image through ventral scales -Internal organs along longitudinal access -Know your anatomy

Answer 5

Cranial 1/3 -Heart -Trachea and start of lungs Middle 1/3 -Air sac -Lungs -Stomach -Liver -Gall bladder -Spleen -Pancreas Caudal 1/3 -Air sac -SI -Colon -Kidneys -Repro tract (hemipenes mineralized) -Las pair ribs marks cloaca (boids pelvis)

Answer 6

Low temperature -Regurgitation -Decreased GI motility and digestibility -Immunosuppression -Altered drug distribution -Pneumonia, bacterial fungal -Osteomyelitis -Necrotic stomatitis (mouth rot) -Thermal burns -Hyperthermia Burns -Very common -Mild erythema - skin damage - muscle necrosis -Fluid and protein loss -Bacterial infection Tx: aggressive fluid therapy, analgesics, antimicrobials -Wound care, debridement surgically -Dilute betadine, chlorhexidine, SSD cream, honey Regurgitation/vomiting -Handling shortly after a meal -Innapropriate nutrition -Cryptosporida -Foreign body Dysecdysis: shedding in pieces -No bathing water or humidity too low -Low temperature -Parasites -Retained skin -Skin wound: traumatic, surgical -Local/systemic dz Tx -Husbandry improvements -Provide soaking opportunities -Maintain at POTZ -Rocks and logs to rub on

Answer 7

External parasites -Cause of anemia -Vectors of blood parasites Tx -Reptile approved Permethrin and Cyfluthrin most effective and safe acarids -Manual removal (ticks, mites) Mites -Ophionyssus natricis -1 fertilized female = 1000s offspring -Eyes and skin folds common sites -C/S raised scales, dysecdysis, irritable, anorexia -Sign of poor sanitation -May transmit disease IBD Dx: low power microscopic exam Tx: -Clean housing -Newspapper substrate -Frontline, ivermectin injectable, oral or topical Endoparasites Collection of feces -Gentle pressure on colon -Colonic wash Protozoa -Trichomonads: flagellated, direct life cycle. -Entamoeba sp. Ameobiasis -Entamoeba invadens -Cysts, trophozoites. -Fecal contamination in environment -C/S: regurgitation, weight loss, bloody mucous diarrhea, sloughed mucosa, inflamed colon. -Necrotic ulcerative colitis and hepatic necrosis -Dx: fecal exam, stain cysts Lugol's iodine solution, PCR -Tx: metronidazole, antibiotics, antifungals. -Prevention: good hygiene and quarantine Cryptosporidiosis -Common problem in captive snakes -C. sepentis **Not zoonotic** -Stress predisposition -C/S: regurgitation, poor BCS, mid-body swelling, asymptomatic to fatal -Dx: Vomitus or feces, gastric lavage, biopsy, endoscopy, surgery -PCR, cytology, histopathology -Acid-fast stain, IFA Lesions: decreased diameter of gastric lumen, but increased overall diameter of the stomach -Histopath: gastric hyperplasia, fibrosis, organisms observed on epithelial cells -NO Tx effective -Separate infected stakes from healthy ones -5% ammonia or 10% formalin to disinfect, bleach not effective.

Answer 8

See previous

Answer 9

Nematodes and Cestodes -Ascarids indirect life cycle, many IH -Kalicephalus spp. Hookworm, common in snake, DH -Strongyloides spp. direct life cycle, common -Cestodes Pentastomes **Zoonotic risk** -No truly effective treatment -Ivermectin at 5-10 times normal dosages -Endoscopically remove -Migratory larval/worms

Answer 10

Pseudoparasites

Answer 11

-Usually opportunistic -Poor husbandry, temp, nutrition, lack of sanitation -Debilitated or injured predisposed -Gram (-) highest mortality -Anaerobes can be problematic -Caseous material vs mammalian liquid purulent material Salmonella spp **Zoonotic** -Fecal oral route -Capable of penetrating eggs -Poor hygiene -C/S: asymptomatic carriers, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy -Enteritis, septicemia, vertebral osteomyelitis most common -Culture to rule out others -No treatment effective in permanently clearing out the organism -Good hygiene to prevent spread **Pregnant women, children, immunosuppressed should avoid** Snake fungal disease -Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (Oo) -Emerging disease in wild snakes -Facial deformities, skin lesions Dx: skin biopsy, with history and PCR best -Tx: systemic antifungals, nebulization of terbinafine has promise Snake Inclusion Body Disease -Arenaviruses -Boids: boas, pythons, kingsnake, palm vipers. -Captive snakes -Acute CNS disease pythons -Chronic disease history boas: regurgitation, CNS Dx: Laparoscopy and biopsy -Transmission: unknown, suspected mites -Tx: quarantine, euthanasia

Answer 12

Analgesia -Have all anatomical structures considered critical for recognition of pain -Difficult to assess the effects of analgesia, signs of pain are subtle Drugs -Buprenorphine -Butorphanol -Ketoprofen -GI ulceration, decreased kidney function and sedation side effects Morphine -Preferred -Effective in bearded dragons, RES, crocs, anoles. -Prolong onset of action -Respiratory depression -Multimodal analgesia preferred ex: morphine, NSAIDs, local anesthetic Anesthesia -Propofol: 5-10 mg/kg -IV -Non-irritant -Rapid induction <1min -Ketamine + dexmedetomidine + buprenorphine IM, wait 15 minutes slowly increase gas, reverse with atipamezole -Midazolam can be added -Afaxalone Inhalants -Isoflurane preferred -Mask down in plastic tube after giving injectables -Ventilation throughout procedure -Doppler for BP -30-60 bpm -Heart beat post death for 24 hrs -End tidal CO2 -Thermoregulatory support Recovery -Stop inhalant -Continue analgesia -Reduce ventilation -AIR!! -Change to ambu bag -Post op: monitor, analgesia, POTZ -Fluid therapy

Answer 13

Chelonian Medicine

Answer 14

Ectothermic -External heat essential for all metabolic processes -75-95F -Low temp: immune function decreased, altered Pk drugs, decreased GI motility; normal flora overgrowth issues, cold stunning Shell -Carapace: top Plastron: bottom -Scute: keratinized plates -Overlay a dermis -Under deal CT is dermal bone -Compact and sandwich a middle layer of trabecular bone -Hatchlings: scutes called embryonic shields. Rings of new keratin, estimate age in younger tortoises -Lack intervertebral discs -8 cervical -10 trunk vertebrae fixed in place along with ribs-fused to dermal bone of carapace -30% of BW -No sternum, only tetrapod with the pectoral girdle internal to the ribs **Rhamphotheca or beak, no teeth** -Very few glands -Salt glands: diamondback terrapins and sea turtle -Musk glands in the cloaca -Mental or chin glands in some spp. males more prominent secrete pheromones, stinky Ear -No external ear -Tympanum, middle and inner ear -Eustachian tube connects middle ear with the throat GI tract -Tongue rich in salivary glands -Sea turtle: esophageal papillae. S-shape esophagus before the stomach -Cecal-like structure, proximal colon. Compartments nematodes common in this area -Should not deworm unless heavy burden Repro/Urinary -Phallus: penis, no urethra with it -All chelonians lay eggs -Kidneys: caudodorsal coelom. Renal portal system. No loop of henley = isosthenuric urine -Bladder: Ureters enter cloaca, not bladder. Tortoises large bladder, water conservation. Can absorb water and electrolytes through bladder CV system -3 chamber heart -Sinus venous - right atrium -Ventricular septa separation -Shunts **Complete tracheal rings**

Answer 15

Female: convex plastron, warmer eggs = female Male: Concave plastron, cooler eggs = male

Answer 16

-Visual exam -Head to tail -Weight and measurements -Species ID, gender, age estimate -BCS -TPR -Hydration status -Oral exam -Coelomic palpation -Neurologic exam -Serial exams

Answer 17

Venopuncture **Jugular vein preferred** -Brachial vein: tortoises -Subcarapacial vein (lymph contamination) -Dorsal and ventral tail vein **Important to use the same vessel for comparison, samples can vary from different sites due to hemodilution with lymph** Hematology **Heparinized syringe** -EDTA will lyse RBCs in many chelonian species -Basophils more commonly seen -Nucleated RBCs -Heterophils Molecular diagnostics **very important tool** -Oral and cloacal swabs: ranavirus, mycoplasma, INC (intranuclear coocidia) , herpesvirus, adenovirus -Combine with cytology or histopathology Diagnostic imaging -Radiographs often poor contrast -No imaging technique is ideal for all situations -CT and ultrasound -Rigid endoscopy for internal fibropapilloma **spirochid trematode lesions** -Fibropapilloma: herpes virus, INIBs

Answer 18

Toxicities -Ivermectin (never give to a turtle) -Aminoglycosides -Vitamin A/D -Organochlorines: ear abscesses -Oil ingestion -Oak toxicity -Azalea toxicity **Fenbendazole toxicity: bone marrow suppression** -Tx: similar to other species

Answer 19

-Cloacal prolapses: Tx: surgery/amputation phallus, or lubrication sugar to reduce inflammation -Trauma: HBC, propeller injuries, predator injuries, intentional. Shell trauma -Radiographs -Asses for pelvic fractures, egg laying, vital structures -Stabilize turtle, mannitol for head trauma -Treat open wounds -Wire, bra hooks, zip ties, bone cement etc.

Answer 20

Metabolic Bone Disease -Common problem -Secondary nutrition hyperparathyroidism (SNHP) -Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism -Hypervitaminosis D3 Hypertrophic osteopathy SNHP -Rapid growing young turtles -Low Ca:P -Inadequate UVB C/S: Anorexia, lethargy, unable to raise body, muscle fasciculations, skeletal deformities Dx: radiographs: decreased mineralization, pathological fractures. -Biochemistry: elevated PO4, decreased total/ionized Ca Tx: diuresis w fluids, calcium supplementation, phosphate binders, direct sunlight, minimize handling. -Fracture: external computation/bandaging Vitamin A deficiency -Common in young, growing -Respiratory and ocular adnexal structures affected -Ear abscesses, conjunctivitis, palpebral edema -Loss of ciliated epithelial cells in respiratory tract. C/S: anorexia, swollen and closed eyes, ureter obstruction from squamous metaplasia. Tx: diet change, oral vitamin A, topical and systemic antibiotics -surgical treatment is palliative Vitamin A toxicosis -Usually occurs 2-4 weeks after a vitamin A injection -Skin peel/sloughing in sheets -Tx: wound care and antibiotics -Oral supplementation and diet improvement best GOUT Causes: -Renal impairment, dehydration, excess protein and purines in diet -Aminoglycoside, toxicity C/S: anorexia, lethargy, enlarged joints, internal organ nodules, visceral gout -Dx: uric acid levels increased, biopsy, aspirate, radiographs. -Tx: catch early, eliminate primary problem, fluids, allopurinol colchicine, surgical removal of acid from joints. -Poor prognosis if advanced Urolithiasis -Common in tortoises -Uric acid, struvite, and calcium -Dehydration, excess protein diet -Bacterial or fungal cystitis Tx: coelotomy/cystotomy inguinal approach

Answer 21

Ticks -Amblyomma most common -Vectors of other parasites -Inguinal and axillary regions Tx: Permethrin, cyfluthrin, manual removal Leeches -Manual removal, fresh water soaks Protozoal -Immunosuppressed lead to increased in normal flora flagellates and ciliates **Entamoeba spp, only one pathogenic naturally**

Answer 22

-Mortality in all reptiles, nakes **Tortoises may be asymptomatic carriers** -If symptomatic: severe depression, watery diarrhea, dehydration -Thickened and edematous duodenum with necrotic mucosa -Necrosis of common bile duct and gall bladder, diffuse hepatic necrosis Dx: Psuedomembrane like material in feces-necrotizing colitis histologically -PCR -Biopsy of liver -Tx: supportive care, metronidazole, antibiotics, antifungals

Answer 23

-C/S: non-specific, anorexia, lethargy -Anemia, leukocytosis, low Na, hyperglycemia, increased uric acid. **INC and mycoplasma in nasal cavity** **High mortality and morbidity** Dx: biopsy of internal organs, cloacal swabs and oral with PCR -Nephritis, hepatitis, enteritis, -No oocysts in feces -Tx: Panazuril, Toltrazuril, none proven effective

Answer 24

Nematodes, trematodes -Ascarids -Strongyles, hookworms **Oxyurids-Pin worms** commensals, may aid in digestion Bacterial Diseases -Usually opportunistic: poor husbandry, malnutrition, lack of sanitation. -Gram (-) most common, anaerobes **Casseous abscesses** Salmonella spp. -Zoonotic -Red eared sliders-280,00 cases human salmonellosis in the 70s, starting to see this again -Asymptomatic carriers -Enteritis, septicemia most common -Poor husbandry/hygiene -Pregnant, immunocompromised avoid contact Mycoplasmosis -URTD -Free ranging tortoises in USA -C/S: ocular and nasal discharge -Chronic infection, often subclinical, intermittent Dx: PCR, serology, culture Tx: Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines systemic/intranasal Mycotic diseases -Predisposing factors: suboptimal POTZ, excess humidity, poor sanitation, over crowding, underlying viral disease Dx: bronchoscopy, biopsy, serology, culture. Tx: resection isolated infections, systemic anti fungal ITRACONAZOLE, voriconazole, topical therapy Viral Diseases -Herpes virus: necrotizing stomatitis. Tx: Acyclovir, supportive care -Fibropapillomas in sea turtles -Iridovirus (Ranavirus) -Adenovirus -EM: fungal caused shell lesions

Answer 25

Preferred anesthetics -Propofol -Dexmedetomidine -Midazolam -Alfaxalone -Atipamezole -alpha 2 antagonist -Flumazanil - midazolam benzodiazapine antagonist Monitor -Change to ambu bag -POTZ -Fluid therapy

Answer 26

Marsupials and Insectivores Phylagenetic tree -Therian mammals: Eutherians & Marsupials -Prototherian mammals

Answer 27

Marsupials: mammals with marsupium/pouch to protect offspring Reproductive tract Female -Double cervices -Multiple vaginas -Common birth canal of uterus -Marsupium: pouch, epipubic bones, bilateral bones for support of the marsupium -Fetus has prolonged attachment to teat within the marsupium Male -Bifid or double-ponged glans penis -Scrotum has cranial placement to penis -Penis caudally oriented 3 life stages of offspring -Concurrent life stages -Stage 1: joey goes from cloaca to the nipple in the pouch -Stage 2: Hangs onto nipple for dear life -Stage 3: Baby #1 outside the pouch, baby #2 begins its nipple bound journey Marsupial Fetus -Advanced thoracic limb development -Parturition and migration from vagina to marsupium -Prolonged attachment to teat Skeletal Adaptations -Macropods: lack patellas -Epipubic bones: attached to craniodorsal aspect of pubic bones to support marsupium

Answer 28

Native to N. America Prehensile tail Large liters Increased number of teeth vs. placental mammals

Answer 29

Sugar gliders - Petaurus breviceps Anatomy -Marsupium -Patagium: skin beternn thoracic and pelvic limbs, used during gliding -Epipubic bone -Syndactyly foot @ digits 2 & 3 -Hair comb -Male: multiple scent glands -Nocturnal large eyes for night vision. Reproduction 1 male per multiple females -16 days gestation, 3 months ~ 70 days, postpartum in the pouch -Litter size: 2 -Social mammals require attention from owner or another pen mate -Males: urinate at proximal region of penis. -Amputation of glans penis common when penile trauma or paraphimosis

Answer 30

-PE, blood collection, Tx plans similar to other mammalian -Often require physical restraint to allow thorough PE -Similar to a hamster or gerbil: control head to avoid bite injuries -Restraint by scruff on head/neck -Thorough exam: ophthalmic, otic, oral cavity, dental exam, integument, marsupium, urogenital, cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, attitude/behavior. **annual dental check** Clinical Pathology -Venipuncture sites: jugular vein or cranial vena cava, femoral vein. **Anesthesia required** -Cephalic, lateral saphenous -use 05ml to avoid collapse -<1ml heparinized blood/syringe 25 or 27 gauge needle Fluid therapy -Avoid patagium: poor dispersion and discomfort to gliders Radiology -General anesthesia required -Unfold patagium to improve contrast

Answer 31

**Omnivorous** -Best diet: avian pellet feed, lorry nectar, fruits and vegetables, cooked eggs, insects (gut loaded) -Commercial insectivore diet 1:1 ratio -Obesity prone species Digestion -Enlarged cecum, microbial fermentation of complex polysaccharides in gum (tree zap) -Lengthened 4th digit on manus to extract insects -Consume 17% of BW in the wild -Captive sugar gliders use less energy Habitat -Require nesting box -Minimum cage size: 20x20x30" -Avoid mesh screening -Use non-toxic wood

Answer 32

Degenerative: dental disease and incisors Anatomical, anomaly, acquired. Rectal prolapse, impaction of paracloacal glands. Metabolic: cystitis, crystaluria, urolithiasis, urinary tract obstruction. Nutritional: hypocalcemia leading to tremors/seizures. Infectious, iatrogenic: Salmonella spp., Leptospira zoonoses Trauma, toxin: self mutilation, cage mate aggression Congenital Hemological DAMN ITCH

Answer 33

African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) Anatomy -Brachydontic type teeth -Bilateral clavicles, plantigrade gate -Nocturnal -300-600 g -5-7 years life span -Abdominal testes, induced ovulators -Gestation 34-37 days, 3-6 offspring -Neonates have protective coating over spines at parturition, lost within 24 hours -Weaning at 30-40 days of age -Sexually mature 2-3 mts of age Diet -Wild: insects, semi-vertebrates, carrion -Captive: obesity prone -Insects desirable, boiled eggs with shells -Once daily feeding at night hours, evening exercise PE, etc -Wear gloves -Anesthesia required Isoflurane or sevoflurane -Venipuncture: jugular v., vena cava. -Maximum 1% of BW blood draw -Post venipuncture: digital pressure Radiographs -Require general anesthesia -Clavices present Therapy -Early treatment best -Small body can quickly lead to starvation and dehydration -Intraosseous fluid therapy -Maintenance volume: 100 mls/kg/day Common diseases -Ocular proptosis, "wobbly hedgehog syndrome" -Obesity, neoplasia, SCC, mammary gland tumors, lymphosarcoma -Dental abscesses, unsanitary bedding -Salmonella, rabies, herpex simplex 1, Foot and Mouth disease carrier.

Exam 1 Flashcards

(62 cards)