Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

Recognize common sings of illness

Answer 1

Signalment important! **Read up on an species natural history before appointment** -Have owner bring cage or picture of housing area -Bring diet with label -History -Examination: **observation before restraining** Signs of illness -Fluffed up -Droopy head and wings -Closed eyes -Increased respirations -Isolation -Anorexia -Diarrhea -Feather loss

Answer 2

Restraint Diagnostics techniques Common diseases

Answer 3

Locations -Jugular -Brachial -Medial tarsometatarsal **Maximum amount of blood = 1% of BW in grams**

Answer 4

Locations -Jugular -Brachial -Medial tarsometatarsal **Maximum amount of blood = 1% of BW in grams**

Answer 5

Manual vs. general anesthesia vs. sedation Manual - Pros -Simple, don't hold too tight -Airways intact Cons -Increased stress, temperature and RR -Chance of trauma to bird or handler General anesthesia - Pros -Immobilization -Decreased pain reflex -Muscle relaxation Cons -CV depression -Decreased airway reflex -Post-endotracheal tube strictures (uncured ET usually recommended) -Waste gas exposure -May not have the equipment Sedation -Decreased response to unpleasant procedure -Decreased morbidity and mortality Sedation Drugs -Midazolam, reversible with Flumazenil -Butorphanol, analgesic, rarely needs reversal Intra-nasal -No injection pain, no bruising, no hemorrhage, high client acceptance -Incomplete drug delivery, large volumes for bigger birds, difficult if nares are plugged

Answer 6

-Fecal examination: endoparasites, yeasts -Cytology: FNA of masses, Choanal and Cloacal swabs, Crop wash (yeast) -Gram stain of normal fecal flora (+) PLasma samples -EDTA or lithium heparin Radiographs -Sedate or anesthetize -Careful positioning -Laterals, VD, oblique view that highlight kidneys **Sticky paper tape helps** Other -Endoscopy -CT -MRI -Biopsy -Ultrasound

Answer 7

Chlamydiosis **Zoonotic, Reportable** -Asymptomatic chronic carriers -Upper respiratory disease, bouts of rhinitis +/- diarrhea, lethargy, dehydration -Dx: conundrum, combination of tests IgM, IgG, Chlamydia DNA (PCR), culture ($$). -Tx: Tetracyclines, >45 days. -Necropsy: diffuse fibrinous serositis, hepatic foci, elementary bodies. -Ca supplementation suggested due to tetracyclines calcium chelators **Normal psittacine fecal flora = gram +** Mycobacterial Disease -M. avian-intracellular complex -Difficult diagnosis -Necropsy findings: impression smear, histopathology, acid fast culture -Fatal, no reliable treatment

Answer 8

Viral avian polyoma virus -Quarantine and test new birds #1 "Budgie fledging disease" -Abnormal feathers grow -Anorexia, salenitis, nephritis, basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies -Dx: PCR -Vaccine and annual boosters Viral psittacine Herpes virus Hepatitis -aka "Pacheco's disease" -Asymptomatic carriers -Sudden death, or anorexia, depression, mustard colored diarrhea -Dx: necropsy, focal hepatic and splenic necrosis, eosinophilic inclusions intranuclear -Tx: supportive care, rarely successful -Don't commingle species in same environment Viral pro ventricular dilation syndrome -aka "Macaw wasting syndrome" -Bornavirus -Dx: PCR, full thickness biopsy, must get nerve -Weight loss regurgitation +/- CNS signs -100% fatal, many asymptomatic -Celocoxib for inflammation

Answer 9

Viral psittacine Beak and Feather Disease -Circovirus, difficult to kill, horizontal transmission -<1 week old most susceptible -Immunosuppression -Dx: biopsy of affected feathers, basophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions; PCR blood and feathers best -Tx: supportive, regular beak trims -Most die within 12 months -Acute in neonatal African Grey, more chronic in cockatoos Fungal - Avian gastric yeast - Macrorhabdus ornithogaster -Large gram (+) in feces, crop, pro ventricular wash, need multiple samples -"Megabacteriosis" -Ventriculus hemorrhage, pH <3 to 3-4 -PCR twice as sensitive -Tx: Acidifying the GI tract, vinegar, sodium benzoate, grapefruit juice ; new study shows Fungal - Aspergillosis -Ddx: tuberculosis -ITRACONAZOLE is TOXIC to African Grey Parrots, Do not use!! -Secondary to stress, poor diet, immunosuppression -Respiratory tract - air sacculitis, granulomatous pneumonia -Weight loss, anorexia, dyspnea, change in voice quality -Dx: +/- Increased WBC with monocytosis, radiographs, serology, tracheal culture -Tx: antifungals oral, Terbinaphine, amphotericin B, voriconazole -Prognosis is guarded Fungal Candidiasis -aka "Sour crop" -Tx: antifungals for Candida, treat underlying condition -Anorexia, regurgitation, crop stasis, weight loss -Secondary to antibiotic, crop motility disorder, immunosuppression, systemic disease

Answer 10

Not very common -Knemidocoptes spp. "scaly face scaly leg mites"

Answer 11

Hypovitaminosis A -Most common -Respiratory, GI, urinary -Tx: vitamin A, oral preferred Calcium/Phosphorous imbalance -Rickets, pathologic fractures, egg-binding, etc. -Tx: calcium supplements and better diet Hypocalcemia of African Grey parrots -Not well understood -Ca/Ph, vitamin D metabolism different -Tx: Ca injections in acute phase, supplements for life Obesity -Sunflower/peanut diets -Concurrent with vitamins deficiency usually -Lipomas, enlarged liver -Tx: diet and exercise -Nutritional support if toxic Articular Gout -Mostly Budgies -Uric acid crystals in joints = PAIN -Etiology not understood Reproductive Disorders Chronic egg laying -May lead to Ca depletion -Tx: environmental changes, GNRH analogs, hysterectomy Egg-binding, egg retention -#1 budgies, cockatiels -Often from hypocalcemia -Tx: medical, calcium fluids, manual extraction, Surgery. Cloacal Prolapse -Can be serious and life threatening -May occur secondary to egg-laying straining -Prolapsed tissues are at risk of ischemia, desiccation, infection, trauma -Tx: depends on source of collapse

Answer 12

Heavy metal toxicosis Zinc and Lead -Toy bell clappers, cheap caging, galvanized metal -Anorexia, anemia, neurologic dysfunction (drunken sailor) -Egg binding -Red urates hematuria or porphyria -Tx: Chelation CaEDTA Teflon -Produces toxic gas -Respiratory emergency -Supportive care -Usually fetal

Exam 3 Flashcards

(38 cards)