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Parasitology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives IN or ON another living organism (host) obtaining from it part or all of its nutrients or needs of existence, and imposing a net detrimental effect on the host

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2
Q

Symbiosis

A

An intimate interactions between two different species

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3
Q

Symbiosis: Phoresy

A

No trophic interaction
(trophic - of or relating to feeding and nutrition)
- for the purpose of dispersal

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4
Q

Symbiosis: Commensalism

A

Indirect trophic interaction
(trophic - of or relating to feeding and nutrition)
- one benefits
- other doesn’t benefit nor harm

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5
Q

Symbiosis: Exploitation

A

Harm

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6
Q

Symbiosis: Mutualism

A

Benefit

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7
Q

Exploitation: Always kill host
Multiple Hosts is …

A

Predator

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8
Q

Exploitation: Always kill host
Single host is …

A

Parasitoid

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9
Q

Exploitation: Seldom kills host
Multiple hosts is …

A

Micropredator

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10
Q

Exploitation: Seldom kills host
Single host is …

A

Parasite

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11
Q

Parasitology’s 2 worldviews

A

Medicine + Eco/Evo

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12
Q

Infectious agent

A

Organsim or suborganismal entity capable of producing an infection or infectious disease

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13
Q

Infection

A

Entry, and then development and/or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body

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14
Q

Disease

A

Pathological condition of the body with symptoms that set it apart from normal body states. Alterations in cell, organ, organism… infectious disease implies transmission between individuals

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15
Q

Pathogen

A

An infectious agent capable of causing a disease state in another organsim (host)

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16
Q

Is a pathogen a parasite? (Microbio + infectious disease specialists)

A

no because pathogens are not eukaryotes. parasites ARE eukaryotes

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17
Q

Is a pathogen a parasite? (Eco + Evo)

A

Yes because it’s focused more on characteristics of the organism

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18
Q

Fitness

A

A measure of an individual’s success on passing on its genes to subsequent generations.

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19
Q

Virulence (EcoEvo)

A

A measure of a (parasitic) organism’s ability to reduce host fitness

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20
Q

Virulence (Medicine)

A

A measure of the likelihood that a (pathogenic) organism will cause severe disease or death in its host

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21
Q

Medical Parasitology parameters

A
  • Pathogenesis
  • Clinical manifestations
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
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22
Q

Parasites general characteristics

A
  • (tend to be) Smaller than the host
  • May or may not kill the host
  • May or may not be permanently parasitic
  • Will die of denied access to a suitable host
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23
Q

Endoparasites

A

Inside; Infections

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24
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Outside; Infestations

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25
Castrators
Parasites that largely or completely prevent host reproduction Ex: Barnacles occupy where female will keep eggs. Left infertile and protest barnacles instead
26
Body Snatchers
Parasites that invade a host and basically take over, substantially altering host behavior Ex: Barnacle infects a male crab and will feminize it
27
Obligatory parasites
Require a host. Cannot develope withoust a host
28
Facultative parasites
Normally free-living, but can become parasites if they need to / have to Ex: Snort a parasite and munches of brain
29
Opportunistic parasites
initiates infection in a host that normally would not be infected, or a parasite causing more disease burden than normal in its usual host Ex: HIV+ person and tapeworm
30
Social parasites (brood)
Invade or lay eggs in the nest of another species, developing on food provided in that nest Brood - birds that lay their eggs directly in another species' nest
31
Parasitoids
Usually infest/infect a host for a prolonged period of time, often severely harming, if not killing it, but eventually abandon it for a period of free-living existence Ex. Horsehair
32
Cleptoparasites
steal the food of another species
33
Definitve host
The host in which parasite sexual reproduction occurs
34
Intermediate host
an organism in which a parasite passes one or more asexual stages
35
Paratenic host
a "substitute" intermediate host that serves until the appropriate definitive host is reached, and in which no developemnt of the parasite occurs; it may or may not be necessary to the completion of the parasite's life cycle
36
Reservoir host
An animal (or species) that is infected by a parasite and which serves as a source of infection for humans or another species of interest; often implied that the host does not suffer much (or at least severe) pathology.
37
Accidental host
a dead end for the parasite, developmentally speaking. Parasites cannot complete normal developmental steps inside the accidental host. The host may develop severe pathology from such infections
38
Mechanical vectors
physically move a parasite Ex. infection on the fly's mouth and infects horse "dirty syringe"
39
Biological vectors
are hosts. parasite either develops or multiplies in them
40
Cyclodevelopmental transmission
- Development - NO increase in numbers
41
Propagative transmission
- NO development - replication
42
Cyclopropagative transmission
- Development - Replication
43
Taxonomy
science of identification
44
Phylogenetics
- Study of the evolutionary relationships amongst organisms - morphological and molecular traits
45
Systematics
- Study of the diversification of life on earth
46
Biological species
- A group of individuals with similar properties, able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring - don't regularly interbreed with other species
47
Evolutionary species
- a group of organisms having a single lineage with the same evolutionary trajectory - breeding not required
48
Trees
tracing evolutionary trajectories
49
Taxon
- ends - refers to members of a group of organisms given a formal scientific name
50
Monophyletic taxon
- includes all organisms from a single recent common ancestor - if taxa are correct, they should be monophyletic
51
Paraphyletic taxon
- includes some but not all descendants - sibling is excluded
52
Polyphyletic taxon
- does not include the most recent common ancestor of all organisms in the taxon - separated
53
Cladograms
- Branch lengths do not have specific meaning
54
Phylograms
- TIME - Branch lengths do have specific meaning - scale provided
55
Morphological characters of parasites
- size - shape - unicellular vs multicellular - organelle geometry and presence / absence of specialized organelles
56
Body plan characteristics
- The bigger the organism = the more meaningful the morph characters - difficult in unicellular parasites
57
Molecular traits: DNA
- 18s rRNA - homologous genes must exist in all of the organisms to be classfied - highly conserved
58
Molecular characters issues
- need to extract DNA so it requires many - easier for large multicellular - intracellular parasites: contamination from host cell
59
Horizontal gene transfer
- transfer of genetic informaion laterally w/o sexual repro - prokaryotes
60
Molecular Clock Hypothesis
- DNA sequences change via mutation at a constant rate - # of changes used to calculate when they diverged
61
DNA barcode
- a gene (sequence) that can serve as a species specific marker - mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase
62
What are the morphological characters for grouping protozoan parasites
- unusual organelles
63
Hydrogenosome
- generates ATP from pyruvate with H+ as a byproduct - has evolved from mitochondria
64
Mitosome
- double membrane structure derived from mitochondria - lacking DNA
65
Kinetoplastid
- circular kDNA encodes mitochondrial gene products in an encrypted form - with RNA editing via guide RNA to produce unencrypted sequence
66
Glycosome
- glycolysis enzymes are kept in their own organelle in kinetoplastids instead of being cytoplasmic
67
Apicoplast
- non-photosynthetic chloroplast like structure
68
Rhodophytes
- infects more distantly related species of red algae (always red algae) - Infects closely related free-living relative -exclusively parasitize other red algae - cause cell-cell fusions, and inject organelles into host, which divide and spread to take over host
69
Parasitic plants: Facultative
Can live as autotrophs
70
Parasitic plants: Obligatory
Require a suitable host to complete lifecycle
71
Parasitic plants: Hemiparasites
still capable of photosynthesis
72
Parasitic plants: Holoparasites
incapable of photosynthesis
73
Parasitic plants
- plants parasitize other plants - lots of HGT - some have restricted host range - some infect a wide variety of other plant species
74
Microsporidians (shoot!)
- fungi - opportunistic parasites
75
Head lice and body lice
- considered sub-species
76
Heirloom parasite
- acquired from ancestors - evolve along organisms
77
Souvenir parasite
- acquired from a host switch
78
What does a parasite need to thrive ina new environment?
A suitable host
79
Parasitism is a hard trait to lose
- Adoption of a parasitic lifestyle happens frequently on the tree of life - reversion to a free-living lifestyle by a parasite has been found to happen but very infrequently
80
Strain
- intraspecific group of parasites that differs from others in one or more traits

Parasitology (3 decks)

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