Exam 1 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Internal evidence
A
expertise of the PROFESSIONAL
2
Q
Patient evidence
A
values and expectations of the: patient/client/student
3
Q
Research evidence
A
best available research
4
Q
What are the 3 sources of evidence we use to inform our clinical decisions?
A
internal, patient, and research
5
Q
What are blinders?
A
limited to just research evidence, may make you miss something
6
Q
Decision (clincial) making
A
integrating best research evidence + clinical experience + patient values
7
Q
Information gathering
A
systemic process of getting:
- information history
- observation
- palpation
- clinical tests
8
Q
Differential Diagnosis
A
purposeful info gathering = develop multiple possibilities
9
Q
Knowledge
A
purposeful linking info = develop meaning
10
Q
Meaning
A
ability to explain & predict
11
Q
Wisdom
A
- knowledge refinement
based on: - experience
- deliberate practice
- careful resolution
12
Q
Ethos
A
establishing:
- credibility
- character of writer
- pertaining to authority
13
Q
Logos
A
ability to build + argue thru sound reason
- presentation of evidence to support proposition
14
Q
Pathos
A
dependent on perspective of reader
15
Q
Beneficence
A
benefit-to-risk relationship
16
Q
2 factors for Respect for Persons
A
1) informed consent
2) individuals are autonomous
17
Q
Justice
A
person has rights to results or findings of research
18
Q
Implied Consent
A
assuming the individual would give consent in the situation but physically cannot verbalize it
19
Q
Diagnosis
A
“through knowledge”
- ability to explain and predict
20
Q
Spot Diagnosis
A
recognize a pattern based on lots of experience
21
Q
Validity
A
strength
22
Q
Invalid
A
weakness
23
Q
Peer review
A
other experts looking over paper before publish = to approve/disprove
24
Q
Internal Validity
A
Cause and Effect
25
External Validity
Generalization = inference = general population
26
Retrospective Study
look into the past
- 1 point in time from past measured
27
Prospective Study
predicts future
- minimal = 2 time points to establish cause-effect
28
What are the 2 time points in a prospective study?
- baseline point
- follow-up point
29
Parameter
population
30
Statistic
sample
31
What are the 4 essential elements of a profession based on Cruess & Cruess?
- unique body of knowledge
- code of ethics
- public sanction and recognition
- professional authority
32
What are society's 6 expectations of professionals?
- guaranteed competence
- altruistic service
- morality and integrity
- promotion of public good
- transparency
- accountability
33
What are professionals' 6 expectations of society?
- autonomy
- trust
- monopoly
- status and rewards
- self-regulation
- functioning health-care system
34
What is scientia?
knowledge derived from systemic observations
35
What is phronesis?
practice wisdom honed from direct experience
36
Tacit knowledge
personal knowledge = can't be easily shared w/ others
37
Codified knowledge
written down knowledge
38
Personal knowledge
internal knowledge
39
Cultural knowledge
shared knowledge
ie: common sense
40
What type of evidence is personal knowledge?
internal evidence
41
What type of evidence is codified knowledge?
external evidence; research evidence
42
Professional knowledge
info we link to allow us to explain + predict clinical phenomena associated w/ our social contract w/ public
43
What are the 5 types of research evidence?
- epidemiology
- diagnosis
- etiology
- prognosis
- therapy
44
Hypothesis
rule (what we think the rule is)
"place under"
45
Etiology
study of cause and risk
46
Prognosis
future knowledge
47
Therapy
serve others
48
Good clincial practice
amalgam of scientia and phronesis
49
What are the 3 ethical principles within the common rule that need to be addressed to ensure human participant protection?
- respect for persons
- beneficence
- justice
50
What are the 2 ethical convictions that the ethical principle Beneficence incorporates?
- do no harm
- maximize possible benefits
- minimize possible harms
- benefits = denominator
ex: no randomized control for parachutes
51
What are the 4 phases of the clinical scientific method?
- observation/description of problem
- make/refine hypothesis to explain problem
- make/refine hypothesis to predict outcomes for problem
- make interventions based on hypothesis to change course of problem
52
Of the 4 phases of the clinical scientific method, the first 3 are associated with what?
our ability to observe
53
What are the main 2 categories of clinical evidence derived from the clinical scientific method?
- observational (bigger)
- intervention (experimental)
54
Epidemiology
trend
55
Diagnosis
key features
56
What type of study is associated with internal validity?
prospective study
57
What is the difference between primary and secondary research?
primary = original research studied conducted, peer-reviewed
secondary = summarizes available studies in the form of literature reviews
58
What are the 3 main categories of primary research studies that you might read related to a clinical problem?
- bench = basic research
- applied = clinical research
- epidemiological = population research
59
What are 5 characteristics of Bench Research?
- foundational
- prospective study
- animal, cell, genetic studies
-generalizability sacrificed for control
- allows to establish rule (hypothesis)
60
What are 3 characteristics of Applied Research?
clinical = patients
applied = healthy people
- balance btwn control and generalizability
- studies trends at individual patient levels
- use case studies to randomize control trials
61
What are 3 characteristics of Epidemiological Research?
- control > generalizability
- studies trends at population (from specific groups to populations)
- looks at patterns (time, person, place) AND frequency (rare or common)
62
What are the 7 components of a primary research manuscript?
1) title
2) Abstract
3) Introduction
4) Methods
5) Results
6) Discussion
7) References/Bibliography
63
What is the "Title" component of primary research manuscripts?
captures readers' attention
Topic and info about authors
64
What is the "Abstract" component of primary research manuscripts?
brief synopsis of study
65
What is the "Introduction" component of primary research manuscripts?
builds the case
66
What is the "Methods" component of primary research manuscripts?
details of how the study was conducted
- allows readers to demonstrate and replicate
- includes: procedures, instruments, variables measured
67
What is the "Results" component of primary research manuscripts?
facts of the data; mean, median, and mode
68
What is the "Discussion" component of primary research manuscripts?
interpretation of results
implications of study
can have conclusion at end
69
What word precedes "purpose" statement?
therefore
70
In the "Methods" section, what are the main components that we need to consider for helping us understand the study design?
- study population
- type of study
- unit of observation
- measuring technique
- calculation of sample size
71
Which 4 factors are critical for informing us about external validity?
- study population = inclusion/exclusion criteria
- unit of observation = what level is being studied (cell, organ, self, society)
- type of study
- calculation of sample size
72
Which 2 factors are critical for informing us about internal validity?
- question to be answered
- measure technique (should be a prospective study)
73
Endemic
already existing in a population
74
Epidemic
thrust upon a population
75
Pandemic
affects everyone, all populations
76
What are the 3 measures of central tendency?
mean, median, mode
77
Mean
average
78
Median
middle
79
Mode
most
80
Which measure of central tendency is considered unbiased? Why?
Mean because everyone contributes to it
81
Standard deviation
measures dispersion around the mean
how much individual variation happened around the mean
SD = 0 = precise
82
How do you know if the mean is a precise estimator?
use standard deviation
smaller it is = more precise = more reliable
83
Prevelance
how many people have condition at this time
retrospective
84
Incidence
of new cases over period of time
85
Descriptive statistics
study of population
- patterns formed by person, place, time
- patterns --> diagnosis
86
In hypothesis testing, which type of hypothesis is evaluated?
Null hypothesis
87
Null hypothesis
hypothesis statistical procedure is designed to test
- determines if results are random/by chance
- fail to reject = difference observed compare to chance
88
Type 1 error
false positive
89
Type 2 error
false negative
90
a priori
beforehand of study
91
What are the 2 main types of data that can be captured through research
qualitative
quantitative
92
Qualitative data
categorical
93
Quantitative data
metric
94
What are the 2 main categories of Qualitative data?
- nominal = name
- ordinal = order (scales, range, etc)
95
What are the 2 main categories of Quantitative data?
- continuous = like a decimal point allows a result to be continuous
- mean
- discrete = whole definitive number
96
Why is it important to have an estimate of dispersion/variability around a point of measure?
determines how well you can generalize results from a sample to population
97
Frequency
rate/prevalence
how common the condition is
98
Cross sectional study
seeing what trends occur within 1 group of a population
99
How is sample size determined in qualitative research?
when data saturation is achieved = no longer seeing/hearing any new info
