Exam 1

Question 1

illusory correlation

Answer 1

perceiving a relationship between 2 events that occur simultaneously when there isn’t one

Question 2

How do we fool ourselves?

Answer 2

wanting to understand causation, traumas staying in our memory, false recollection of memories

Question 3

research methods

Answer 3

constructs groups for the independent variable so causal relations can be found

Question 4

Components of a written message

Answer 4

connect (ideas), style -appearance- (APA), and format -tone- (APA)

Question 5

behaviors

Answer 5

responses based on different events and situations

Question 6

characteristics

Answer 6

a feature of the quality of a subject => gender, ethnicity, height, level of introversion, etc.

Question 7

variable

Answer 7

a general characteristic we measure

Question 8

descriptive statistics

Answer 8

describe people in the real world

Question 9

inferential statistics and p-value

Answer 9

drawing conclusions about everyone in the world; p-value is the probability of obtaining results if theres no difference between groups

Question 10

correlations

Answer 10

tells us if there is a relationship between the variables

Question 11

psychology

Answer 11

the study of all aspects of human and non human behavior and application of scientific methods to understand the behavior

Question 12

intuition

Answer 12

logically explaining what we see => not reliable

Question 13

authority

Answer 13

based on our prior knowledge

Question 14

scientific approach components

Answer 14

empiricism, testafaiable, falsifiable, open exchange of ideas, and peer review

Question 15

gamblers fallacy

Answer 15

after a series of losses, thinking the possibility of winning is higher => we give too much weight to confirmator information and cling to ur beliefs

Question 16

idea

Answer 16

an assertion about the world that can be tested and measured (objective reality)

Question 17

belief

Answer 17

personal decision about the truthfulness of an idea

Question 18

argument

Answer 18

the evidence and logic used to support truth or falseness

Question 19

life cycle of knowledge

Answer 19

present at a scientific conference, prepare a manuscript for publication, peer review and revision, replication;verification, references in other journal articles, references in books

Question 20

goals of scientific study:

Answer 20

describe behavior, predict behavior, determine the causes of behavior

Question 21

components of determining causes of behavior:

Answer 21

temporal (change in one before the other), covariation of cause and effect (noticeable correlation), and elimination of plausible alternative explanations (no 3rd variables)

Question 22

correlational research does _____

Answer 22

describes behavior and predicts it

Question 23

experimental research does _____

Answer 23

determine cause and effect and explains behavior

Question 24

basic research

Answer 24

gathers knowledge for the sake of collecting information

Question 25

applied research

Answer 25

for when practical applications are wanting to be met

Question 26

sources of research ideas

Answer 26

common sense, observing behavior, past research, practical problems, theory

Question 27

hypothesis

Answer 27

assertion about what is true in a particular situation

Question 28

Barnum effect

Answer 28

people will start with a general statement and refine it based on your feedback

Question 29

primary articles

Answer 29

first report of an experiment (what we want to use)

Question 30

secondary articles

Answer 30

review or summary of the existing literature

Question 31

Main parts of an essay

Answer 31

title page, intro, method, results, discussion, references

Question 32

Belmont report

Answer 32

ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects in research: beneficence, autonomy, and justice

Question 33

APA ethics code

Answer 33

beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justics, respect for rights and dignity

Question 34

institutional review board

Answer 34

committee that oversees research conducted at an institution

Question 35

debriefing

Answer 35

the subject must be informed after the experiment after deception is used

Question 36

situational variable

Answer 36

describes the situation or an environment where is performed

Question 37

response variable

Answer 37

the responses or behaviors of the individual

Question 38

participant/subject variable

Answer 38

characteristics of the individual

Question 39

operational definition

Answer 39

defining a variable in terms of the operations or technology a researcher uses to measure or manipulate it

Question 40

internal validity

Answer 40

extent to which we can conclude there is a causal relationship

Question 41

external validity

Answer 41

how much we can generalize our results to the rest of the population

Question 42

Construct validity

Answer 42

extent to which our operational definition of a variable really measures that variable

Question 43

Statistical Validity

Answer 43

extent to which our statistical conclusions are giving us the right answer

Question 44

nonexperimental research (correlational method)

Answer 44

research where we observe or measure variables of interest; Behavior is observed as it naturally occurs

Question 45

experimental research

Answer 45

involves direct manipulation and control of variables; Measure the effect manipulation has on behavior

Question 46

confounding variable

Answer 46

3rd variable influencing the two variables being measured

Question 47

independent group design/between subject design

Answer 47

comparing 2 groups that are treated differently ⇒ look at effects on behavior

Question 48

repeated measures design/within subjects design

Answer 48

comparing one group to itself before and after a treatment/in different conditions

Question 49

mortality

Answer 49

how many people drop out of the study

Question 50

solomon four group design

Answer 50

assesses the effects of taking a pretest; if thre is no impact from the pretest the posttest scores will be the same

Question 51

confound

Answer 51

factor that vary systematically with the IV and provide alternate explanations

Question 52

practice effect

Answer 52

when performance gets better over time not due to the IV

Question 53

fatigue effect

Answer 53

if performance worsens not due to the IV

Question 54

order effect/interference effect

Answer 54

behavior in one condition affecting the subsequent behavior

Question 55

counterbalancing

Answer 55

varying the order of presentation

Question 56

complete counterbalancing

Answer 56

all possible orders are presented

Question 57

incomplete counterbalancing

Answer 57

not all orders are presented

Question 58

latin square design

Answer 58

each condition at each ordinal position precedes/follows every other condition