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exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

descriptive statistics

A

describe the characteristics of a group => mean, median, modee

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2
Q

linear regression

A

the best line of fit from a scatterplot => y = aX + b where a = slope and b = intercept

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3
Q

what is r squared

A

the proportion of variance in Y that is attributed to X (strength of the relationship)

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4
Q

p (rho)

A

corresponding population parameter => when r is sufficiently different from 0 wee conclude rho ≠ 0

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5
Q

nonlinear regression

A

curved insteead of a straight line => pearson product cannot be used for thesee

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6
Q

partial correlations

A

we can compute pairs of variables and partial out the effect of the third variable

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7
Q

spurious relationship

A

when 2 variables are correlated but not causally related => either coincidence or a third variable

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8
Q

confound

A

factor that covaries perfectly with the IV

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9
Q

measurement

A

the process of assigning numbers or labels to observations to represnt amount or categories

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10
Q

measurement scale

A

set of numbers or labels that can be assigned to measured items

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11
Q

magnitude

A

measurement can be arranged in a meaningful order

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12
Q

equal unit size

A

a change in 1 is the same size anywhere else in the scale

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13
Q

absolute zero

A

a score of 0 means none of what is being measured

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14
Q

ratio scale

A

magnitude, equal size, and absolute zero => tells us how much quantity is present
ex: weight, salary, etc.

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15
Q

interval

A

magnitude, equal size, no absolute zero => tellsus how much scores differ
ex: temperature, etc.

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16
Q

ordinal

A

magnitude only, only tells relative standing not distance => crude information about quantity
ex: rankings

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17
Q

nominal

A

strictly categorical => difference in quality
ex: nationality, gender, etc.

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18
Q

reliability

A

repeatability or consistency of a measurement

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19
Q

what are the 2 components of a measurement?

A

true score and measurement error

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20
Q

test-retest reliability

A

do our tests again to see if we get the same answer

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21
Q

alterate forms reliability/parallel forms reliability

A

test the equivalence between two different forms of the same test and compute a correlation beetween the two scores

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22
Q

internal consistency

A

measurement instrument has many items on it that measure the same thing

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23
Q

split half reliability

A

copute scores for the 2 halves of the test and compute a correlation between them

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24
Q

interrateer/interobserver reliability

A

when people are rating the behavior of people they are observing => compute correlations between observers

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25
validity
the quality of the raw measurement as a good operational definiton of a construct
26
construct
an idea developed to permit categorization and description of some directly observable behavior
27
construct validity
is our measurement as operationally defined really measuring what we think its measuring
28
face validity
on the face of the measurement does it seem reasonable and make sense
29
convergent validity
when different measures of the same construct give the same result
30
discriminant validity
measurement of 2 constructs are not related and allow us to discriminate between the two
31
criterion validity
the extent to which a measurement instrument accurately predicts behavior in a particular area
32
predictive criterion validity
giving a test at some point compared to future criterion behavior => predicting the future with current tests
33
concurrent criterion validity
giving a test and immediately evaluating criterion behavior => such as pencil and paper tests followed by a practical
34
reactivity
when a subject changes behavior because they know they are being observed
35
how to fix reactivity
conceal observations, allow subjects to get used to observation, allow for anonymous responding, indirect obsrevation of behavior, etc.
36
convenience sampling
whoever is available and willing to participate in a research experiment => can affect generalizeability
37
invasive measures
recording activity of neurons with microelectrodes
38
self report measures
ask about beliefs, internal states, rating scales, yes/no responses, etc. => reliability and validity problems like unaware of true thought processes, inaccurate recall, future behaviors, social desireability
39
ceiling effect and floor effect
C: task is so easy everyone does well, F: task is so hard no one does well
40
demand characteristics
any cues or information about the experiment that will guide the participants behavior => solved with a placebo group or deception
41
solutions to expectancy problems
train experimenters, print out instructions, automate procedurees, use experiments that are doubly blind
42
double blind experiment
neighter experimenter or participants know what conditions participants are assigned to
43
pilot study
a trial run of an experiment with a small number of subjects
44
manipulation check
measure if the IV had its intended effects on participants
45
where to report results of research
professional meetings/ conferences and per review journals
46
6 steps in constructin ga questionnaire
decide desired information, choose a format (self administered, interview, etc.), write a first draft, reexamine and revise, pretest, edit the specialty guidelines for its use
47
simplicity
using understandable wording in a survey
48
double varrel item
asking two questions in one sentence
49
leading item
asking questions suggesting particular resonses
50
loaded items
terms suggesting a socially desirable response
51
negative wording
opposite response of what your question is asking => especially no double negatives
52
yea and nay saying
phrasing questions so people will consistently agree or disagree
53
multiple choice items shoud follow what 2 things?
mutually exclusive and exhaustive (no overlap)
54
questionnaires
inexpensive and easy to distribute but hard to motivate participants
55
interviews
more expensive but higher response rate and less chance of response bias but interviewer bias is more likely
56
population of interest
everyone being studied in our given category
57
population parameter
the statistic we find estimating our population
58
statistics
the measurements computed from a sample
59
sampling
selecting a sample to draw conclusions about the population
60
confidence interval
choosing a sample, calculating a mean, and constructing an interval around it => "we are 95% confident the true population value is between x and y"
61
representative sample
sample characteristics closely match the population characteristics
62
simple random sampling
list of everyone in the population and randomly selecting participants from the list
63
stratified random sampling
dividing the population into strata and then sampling randomly
64
cluster sampling
identifying naturally occurring groups and randomly selecting participants
65
3 types of probability sampling
simple, stratified, and cluster
66
4 types of nonprobability sampling
haphazard, purposive, snowball, and quota
67
haphazard sampling
convenient sampling by selecting whoever comes along => limits external validity
68
purposive sampling
choosing who happens to be convenient with certain criteria
69
quota sampling
combination of stratified random sampling and haphazard sampling
70
snowball sampling
recruit participants and ask them to identify other potential participant
71
response rate
% of sample that responds
72
quantitative approaches
numerical descriptions of behaviors being observed
73
qualitative approaches
providing a verbal summary of behaviors that occurred without statistical analysis
74
narrative record
record of behavior as it occurred
75
naturalistic observation
observing behavior without any attempt to intervene and record whats going on => high external validity
76
participation
researchers may become a member of the group that is undergoing observations
77
concealment
disguised vs undisguised observations
78
systematic observations
study of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting
79
coding system
process of data collection
80
interrater reliability
extent to which observations of different observers agree
81
time sampling
observation of a sample behavior only during certain time intervals
82
situation sampling
sampling behaviors in many different situations
83
demographic information
describe characteristics of the subjects
84
3 sections of methods
participants, materials, procedure
85
case study
detailed observation of a single person or situation
86
subliminal seduction
things are hidden in messages that cause people to behave in certain ways
87
naturalistic observation
type of case study focusing on a particular situation => inability to rule out alternative explanations
88
hedged bets
seeking conventional treatment with questionable treatment
89
worried well
those who seek treatment for illnesses they don't have

Research Methods (3 decks)

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