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Applied Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Six most important chemical elements

A

CHNOPS

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2
Q

Big 4 molecules of life

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

Starch

A
  • chains of sugar molecules
  • plants store energy this way
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4
Q

Glycogen

A
  • tons of glucose molecules connected
  • humans store energy this way
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5
Q

Cellulose

A
  • sugar found in the cell wall of plants
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6
Q

Saturated fats

A

completely full of H atoms

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7
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

2 H atoms going opposite ways

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8
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • hydrophobic
  • used to produce important hormones
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9
Q

Ribosome

A
  • site of translation (protein synthesis)
  • link amino acids together in the order specified by mRNA
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10
Q

Mitochondrion

A
  • respiration and energy production occur here
  • double membrane w inner layer folded to make layers
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11
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genetic material within membrane

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

packages products made in the cell into vesicles for release or storage

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13
Q

lysosome

A

contains degradative enzymes used to break down material or apoptosis

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14
Q

Do all neurons contain myelin?

A

No

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15
Q

Do inhibitory synapses have dendritic spines?

A

No

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16
Q

3 ways to classify neurons

A
  1. shape and polarity
  2. the neurotransmitters or chemicals they contain or release
  3. location or where they project to
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17
Q

Responsible for supporting the neurons and surrounding brain tissue

A

Glial cells

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18
Q

Cell that makes up 50% of the cells in the nervous system

A

Glial cells

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19
Q

T or F. Glial cells cannot generate or transmit nerve signals

A

True

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20
Q

5 types of non-neuronal cells in the brain

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal Cells
  5. Stem Cells
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21
Q

Star-shaped cell that provides glucose and removes waste from neurons while regulating chemical environment

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

What makes up the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

Purpose of myelin sheaths

A

to allow rapid communication between cells

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24
Q

Myelination

A

Oligodendrocytes wrap extensions of their cell membranes around section of the exon

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25
Sense chemical changes in blood and remove pathogens and debris from the brain
Microglia
26
Ependymal Cells
- line ventricles of the CNS - secrete cerebrospinal fluid, detect chemical signals
27
Stem cells
- make new neurons and glia - immortal or long-lasting self-renewal
28
T or F. Stem cells can make microglia
FALSE
29
Ionotropic Receptor
- located on the ion channel protein - fast acting
30
Metabotropic Receptor
- NOT located on ion channel - can activate nearby channels & second messengers - slower acting
31
Dopamine receptor
- metabotropic - ligand gated: dopamine - g protein coujpled
32
How many times does dopamine cross the cell membrane?
seven
33
Excitatory receptors ____________ the chance of action potential
increases
34
Inhibitory receptors ____________ the chance of action potential
decreases
35
Frontal lobe
speech
36
Occipital lobe
vision
37
Cerebellum
motor control
38
Spinal cord
carries sensory & motor information
39
Brain stem
regulates autonomic processes
40
Temporal lobe
memory, understanding language
41
Parietal Lobe
Perception, making sense of the world, artithmetic, spelling
42
Wernicke's Aphasia
speak, read, and write, but cannot understand language. their communication is nonsensical
43
Broca's Aphasia
understand but not speak well or at all
44
Motor cortex
contracting muscles
45
cerebellum
motor coordination, procedural learning
46
basal ganglia
voluntary control of movement, and reward
47
Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
reward
48
Dorsal striatum (caudate putamen)
movement - Parkinson's results when these cells die
49
dAnterior cinculate cortex
attention and arousal. active when thinking about literally anything
50
Prefrontal cortex
most elaborated part of frontal cortex. important for behavioral inhibition
51
orbitofrontal cortex
highly elaborated. behavioral inhibition
52
hippocampus
learning and memory
53
dentate gyrus
motivated behavior, emotion
54
CA1-CA3 fields
the faster you exercise, the faster and stronger the synapses
55
hypothalamus
autonomic functions
56
preoptic area
reproduction. controls gonads
57
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)
stress
58
arcuate nucleus
feeding
59
Suprachiasmatic nuecleus
sleep wake cycles, circadian rhythm
60
Where do all dopamine neuron cell bodies reside?
The midbrain
61
Substantia nigra
voluntary control of movement
62
Ventral tegmental area
dopamine reward region
63
Reward circuit
VTA to NAC
64
Hindbrain nuclei
1. dorsal raphe 2. locus coeruleus
65
Dorsal Raphe
where serotonin neuron cell bodies reside
66
Locus coeruleus
where norepinephrine neuron cell bodies reside
67
Heritability
proportion of phenotypic variation caused by genetic differences (basically a proportion of variation)
68
Does heritability go up or down when you remove variation?
Down because you are taking away the genetic options
69
Gene
a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA molecule
70
Two main dopamine projections
1. Substantia nigra to caudate putamen (Parkinson's) 2. VTA to NAC (reward, motivation, addiction)
71
D1-like (D1 and D5) dopamine receptors
cause signaling that causes excitability
72
D2-like (D2, D3, D4) dopamine receptors
opposite of D1 like
73
Promotor
where transcription factor binds
74
Junk DNA
introns. can be important for variation and the expression of genes
75
Epigenetics
Life experiences can be passed down to your children

Applied Neuroscience (5 decks)

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