Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Applied Neuroscience > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Stress definition

A

the physiological response to a physical, mental, or emotional challenge, or perceived challenge that activates the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physical stress examples

A

exercise, malnutrition, injury/illness, dehydration, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychological stress examples

A

Worrying, anxiety, fear, pressure to succeed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parasympathetic actions

A

slows heart beat, stimulate digestion, constrict lungs, penile erection, vaginal lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sympathetic actions

A

adrenalin rush, increase heart beat, inhibit digestion, dilate lungs, ejaculation, orgasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Glucocorticoids are

A

stress hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cortisol is

A

the most well known glucocorticoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steroid hormones

A

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Energy mobilization
ie. glycogen to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Insulin

A

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes cells to absorb glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T1DM

A

congenital, autoimmune disease. Immune system kills cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin, insulin dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T2DM

A

late onset, insulin receptors on cells become resistant to insuling, associated with obesity. Insulin resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does stress complicate diabetes?

A
  1. stress puts more glucose into the blood
  2. stress promotes insulin resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T1DM stress effect

A

difficult to balance blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T2DM stress effect

A

worsens syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: Stress shuts down digestion

A

True; because it requires lots of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms

A
  1. stomach pain relieved by defectation
  2. diarrhea or constipation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does stress increase the risk of getting IBS?

A

repeated turning on and off of the digestive system results in loss of coordination of the components of the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ulcer definition

A

a hole in the wall of an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Peptic ulcer definition

A

ucler of the stomach of the portion of the esophagus or intestine immediately bordering the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bacteria that causes peptic ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does stress increase the risk of getting a peptic ulcer?

A

Weakening of the stomach walls and suppressed immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does severe stress stunt growth?

A
  1. reduced release of GHRH from hypothalamus
  2. Increased release of GHIH
  3. Reduced sensitivity to growth hormone
  4. Fail to absorb nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the critical variable in child neglect that leads to stunted growth?
active touching
26
Epigenetics
the study of heritable phenotypic changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.
27
LH works synergistically with FSH
releases testosterone and produces sperm in males. In females, it regulates periods, stimulates ovaries to release estrogen and produce and release eggs
28
How does stress affect the reproductive system?
less LHRH(GnRH). increased endorphins released into the hypothalamus shuts off LHRH cells
29
Sexual side effects of stress
too much sympathetic action, no erection, no lubrication, premature ejaculation
30
More effects of stress on sex
reduced libido, miscarriage
31
Macrophages and neutrophils
white blood cells that phagocytose dead or foreign material and release alarm signals
32
Lymphocyes
white blood cells that recognize, remember and respond to foreign invaders
33
Innate parts of immune system
inflammation, vasodilation, cytokines, neutrophils, macrophages
34
Acquired (adaptive) parts of immune system
antibodies, antigens, lymphocytes
35
B cells
lymphocytes that produce antibodies and release cytokines (chemical alarm signals)
36
Cytotoxic T cells
lymphocytes that kill infected or targeted cells
37
Helper T cells
lymphocytes that recognize and remember antigens and signal other cells to their presence
38
2 ways immune systems fail
1. not repair the damage 2. autoimmune diseases
39
How does stress affect the immune system?
acute stress enhances immunity while prolonged chronic stress shuts it down
40
Synthetic glucocorticoids are used to treat
- autoimmune diseases - reduce inflammation - after organ transplant
41
How does stress affect cancer?
1. compromised immune system allows cancer to spread 2. glucocorticoids provide energy for cancer cells
42
Short term memory
remembered for seconds, minutes, or hours then lost *not dependent on gene expression*
43
Long term memory
remembered for days, weeks, years, a lifetime *dependent on gene expression*
44
Memory trace
biochemical change in the brain which encodes an experience, which lasts beyond the stimulus
45
Consolidation
stabilization of the memory trace
46
Reconsolidation
stabilization of the memory after bringing it back into awareness
47
Retrieval
bringing the memory into awareness
48
Extinction
learning that a context is no longer associated with a stimulus
49
Forgetting
loss of the memory trace
50
Implicit, procedural memory
things like riding a bike, walking, or driving
51
Explicit, declarative memory
things like remembering who was the president, the smell of your grandmother's cupcakes
52
Cerebellum and dorsal striatum are
coordinators of movements. critical for habit learning, procedural and skill learning
53
Hippocampus
- integrator of sensory information - binds information about events, time and space - critical for forming new declarative memories
54
Acute stress enhances memory due to
increased glucose in the blood and increased blood flow to the hippocampus
55
Chronic stress _____ cognitive performance
impairs
56
4 ways chronic stress impairs memory
1. neuron damage, shrinking of neurons, weakening memories 2. neuron vulnerability 3. neuron death 4. reduced hippocampal neurogenesis
57
Chronically elevated glucocorticoid signaling is associated with
a small hippocampus
58
Smaller hippocampus is associated with
1. cushing's disease 2. ptsd 3. major depression 4. normal aging 5. synthetic glucocorticoids
59
Cushing's syndrome is
hypertrophy of the adrenal glands
60
Cushing's syndrome is associate with
memory impairments
61
Chronic exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids is associated with
memory impairments
62
Why do high levels of glucocorticoids make neurons vulnerable?
chronically elevated glucocorticoids eventually cause neurons to starve for energy which causes reduced storage of energy in astrocytes and neurons
63
Older people have higher resting levels of glucocorticoids which causes
it to take them longer to decrease levels of glucocorticoids after stress
64
Displaced aggression
when you get treated poorly by your superior, you treat your subordinates poorly
65
Meditation
Opposite of stress. Parasympathetic activity is high, glucocorticoids low, breathing is slow, heart rate is slow
66
How can exercise help people cope with stress if it is a stressor itself?
1. exercise is an acute stressor 2. when you exercise you use stress response adaptively 3. exercise causes other physical stressors to be less stressful 4.exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis which makes psychological stress less stressful
67
How does exercise stress make psychological stress feel less stressful?
increasing the number of neurons in the hippocampus causes the sensor sensitivity in the negative loop to increase thus lowering glucocorticoids
68
Stress predictability effect
If we know when to expect a stressor, it is less stressful
69
Depression
failure to cope with stress, loss of control, helplessness, hopelessness, cup is always half empty
70
Chronic exposure to glucocorticoids increases
risk for depression
71
Cushing's disease is associate with
increased depression
72
Depression is more common in
older people
73
Glucocorticoids kill hippocampal neurons and reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis. This impairs the sensor in the negative feedback loop resulting in
Greater accumulation of glucocorticoids, which cause more damage to the hippocampus, resulting in negative spiral

Applied Neuroscience (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions