Exam 1 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
what is cardiac output
A
amount of blood flowing through left side of the heart per minute
2
Q
hematocrit
A
percent of red blood cells in blood
3
Q
what is the equation for cardiac output
A
CO = Pressure gradient/resistance
4
Q
arterioles
A
dilate or constrict short term
5
Q
what is the function of the heart
A
creates pressure gradient
6
Q
what is the function of blood vessels
A
changes in resistance
7
Q
functions of the blood
A
- transport (O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, heat)
- immunity
- clotting
8
Q
what are the components of the blood
A
- plasma (water, proteins)
- formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)
9
Q
how does water affect the blood
A
blood pressure, kidneys regulate blood volume which determines blood pressure
10
Q
albumin
A
most common protein in plasma
11
Q
clotting proteins
A
inactive (liver produces clotting proteins)
12
Q
immunoglobulins
A
antibodies
13
Q
what is in erythrocytes
A
folic acid, vitamin b12, intrinsic factor, erythropoietin
14
Q
erythropoietin
A
produced by the kidneys
15
Q
folic acid and vitamin b12
A
stimulate cell division
16
Q
intrinsic factor
A
increase absorption of b12
17
Q
iron
A
needed for blood cell production
18
Q
what is the active/inactive versions of kidney proteins
A
- ferritin - active; apoferritin - inactive
- angiotensionogen - inactive; angiotension 1 - active
- fibrinogen - inactive; fibrin - active
19
Q
antigen
A
unrecognized protein, usually from outside the bond
20
Q
antibody
A
aka immunoglobulin - B cells (lymphocytes)
21
Q
antibodies and antigens bind together to do what
A
form immune complexes
22
Q
vascular spasm
A
blood vessels will constrict (smooth muscle contracting)
23
Q
platelet plug
A
temporary clot; positive feedback loop
24
Q
coagulation (clotting)
A
platelets lead to clotting
25
what is the steps to blood clotting
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug
3. coagulation (clotting)
26
clotting abnormalities
1. hemophilia
2. thrombosis - clotting
3. embolus - moving clot
27
what is compliance
change in volume/change in pressure
- stretchiness of veins/arteries
28
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
the sum of the diastolic pressure and one-third of the pulse pressure
29
what is the equation for MAP
MAP = CO x TPR
30
stroke volume
- strength of contraction (heart muscle)
- volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
31
heart rate
funny Na+ channels (how fast they open/close)
32
pacemaker
SA node (controls heart rate)
33
TPR - total peripheral resistance
changing size of blood vessels
34
alpha adrenoreceptors
constriction
35
beta adrenoreceptor
dilation
36
edema
excess fluid outside capillaries
37
where is the high and low pressure sides of the heart
high side = left, low side = right
38
arteries carry blood _____ the heart
away from
39
veins carry blood _____ the heart
toward the blood
40
where is the systemic capillary and pulmonary capillary
systemic is up and down and the pulmonary is side to side
41
where is the high O2 side and the low O2 side of the heart
high = left, low = right
42
the right side of the heart carries blood to the _____
lungs
43
the left side of the heart carries blood to the ______
from the ventricles to the whole body
44
systemic circulation
pumps blood through the body
45
which atriums and ventricles are the inputs and outputs
atriums are the input and the ventricles are the outputs
46
closing of AV valve
inflow to the ventricle - blood flowing into the heart
47
closing of the semilunar valve
outflow to the ventricle - blood flowing out of the heart
48
SA node and AV node
pacemakers of the heart
49
parasympathetic
clam, lower heart rate by slowing the funny channels
50
sympathetic
scares, increases heart rate by speeding up funny channels
51
SA node
causes the last 25% of filling
52
AV node
ventricular contraction
53
EDV - end diastolic volume
how much the heart fills
- venous return effects how much blood fills
54
ESV - end systolic volume
strength of contraction
55
heart failure
anything that increases the residual volume - decrease stroke volume is fine, increase stroke volume is bad
56
SA node happens when
right before the P wave on an EKG
57
AV node happens when
between P wave and Q on an EKG
58
arterial activation (systole)
contraction
- P wave
59
ventricular (distole)
relaxation
- T wave
60
cardiac cycle
A-B = filling w/ blood
A = opening of left AV node
B = closing of AV node
C-D = emptying
C = opening of aortic semilunar valve
D = closing of arotic semilunar valve
61
how much blood is ejected per minute by left ventricle
5 liters
62
hear attack
- harder to fill the heart
- get a weaker contraction
- heart rate increases
63
what are the functions of the lymphatic system
- immunity
- fat absorption
- fluid recovery
64
pathogen
any disease causing organism
65
antigens
any unrecognized protein
66
extracellular
outside the cell - mostly bacteria
67
intracellular
inside the cell - mostly viruses
68
T lymphocytes
deal with intracellular pathogens (viruses)
69
B lymphocytes
deal with extracellular pathogens (bacteria)
70
antigen present cells (APCs)
any unrecognized protein
71
dendritic cells
turn on T cells
72
T regulatory cells
off switch to immunity
73
cytotoxic T cells
kill virus infected cells
74
th1 cells
kill intracellular pathogens
75
th2 cells
kill extracellular pathogens
76
th1 and th2 cells are an
on switch to immunity
77
macrophages
- thought out the body
- eat pathogens
78
autoimmune
attack your own cells
79
what are the two defenses against pathogens
specific and nonspecific
80
non specific defense
- 99% effective
- cells, proteins, inflammatory response, fever
- no memory
81
specific
- only activated if non specific are no adequate
- immune response (T and B cells)
- have memory
82
what are the anatomical barriers
- skin (effect of moisture)
- acid mantle (sebaceous gland and sweat)
- lysozyme (non specific kill bacteria)
83
normal flora
non pathogenic
84
neutrophils
1st to arrive within minutes - release bleach
85
macrophages
- aka monocytes
- arrive 2nd within an hour - antigen present cell (eats it)
86
eosinophils
peroxide (kills worms)
87
mast cells
- aka basophil
- release histamine and heparin
- vasodilation - increases leakiness in capillaries
88
natural killer cells
T cells - kill any abnormal cells
89
what kind of cells do we have in our blood
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- eosinophils
- mast cells
- natural killer cells
90
proteins in our blood
- interferons
- complement
- perforins
91
interferons
virus infected cells
- tries to prevent viruses from spreading
- increases MHCI and MHCII expression which is cytotoxins
92
perforins
abnormal cells
- natural killer cells (T lymphocytes)
93
4 inflammatory responses
1. redness - hyperemia (increased blood blot due to histamine)
2. swelling - increased permeability of vessels (edema)
3. increased temperature (warmer/fever) - hyperemia; increased metabolism
4. pain - inflammatory chemicals
94
pyrogen
anything that increases body temp
95
what are the steps of fever
1. increased body temp, increased metabolic rate
2. stores excess iron - which is needed for bacterial growth
96
histamine
too much causes allergic reaction
97
cytotoxic cells
destroy cells
98
helper t1 cells`
cellular immunity
- turn on immunity
99
helper t2 cells
humoral immunity
100
regulator t cells
turns off immunity
101
active immunity
you form memory cells; lasts years
102
natural active immunity
memory b cells
103
artificial active immunity
vaccines
104
natural passive immunity
mother during pregnancy/breast feeding
105
artificial passive immunity
antibody injection
106
natural immunity
someone else forms memory cells, you receive someone else's antibodies
- lasts months
107
neutralization
antibodies bind to inactive viruses and toxins
108
complement activation
kills bacteria (antibacterial)
109
opsonization
coat bacteria cells - helps with identification
110
IgA
mucus membranes
- body secretions (sweat, tears, etc.)
111
IgD
B cell receptors
112
IgE
released during allergic reactions - mast cells/basophils
113
IgG
most important - released 2nd after exposure w/ preexposure; released in huge amounts
- aka immunoglobulins
- goes through placenta
114
IgM
released 1st w/ first exposure
115
how does an autoimmune disease happen
cytotoxic T cells don't turn off
116
veins carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
deoxygenated
117
arteries carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
oxygenated
118
veins are very ______ and have what kind of pressure
veins are very stretchy and have low pressure while arteries are less stretchy and have high pressure
119
homeopoeisis
bone marrow and two branches - lymphoid and myeloid
