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A & P II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cardiac output

A

amount of blood flowing through left side of the heart per minute

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2
Q

hematocrit

A

percent of red blood cells in blood

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3
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

CO = Pressure gradient/resistance

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4
Q

arterioles

A

dilate or constrict short term

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5
Q

what is the function of the heart

A

creates pressure gradient

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6
Q

what is the function of blood vessels

A

changes in resistance

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7
Q

functions of the blood

A
  • transport (O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, heat)
  • immunity
  • clotting
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8
Q

what are the components of the blood

A
  • plasma (water, proteins)
  • formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)
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9
Q

how does water affect the blood

A

blood pressure, kidneys regulate blood volume which determines blood pressure

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10
Q

albumin

A

most common protein in plasma

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11
Q

clotting proteins

A

inactive (liver produces clotting proteins)

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12
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

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13
Q

what is in erythrocytes

A

folic acid, vitamin b12, intrinsic factor, erythropoietin

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14
Q

erythropoietin

A

produced by the kidneys

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15
Q

folic acid and vitamin b12

A

stimulate cell division

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16
Q

intrinsic factor

A

increase absorption of b12

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17
Q

iron

A

needed for blood cell production

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18
Q

what is the active/inactive versions of kidney proteins

A
  1. ferritin - active; apoferritin - inactive
  2. angiotensionogen - inactive; angiotension 1 - active
  3. fibrinogen - inactive; fibrin - active
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19
Q

antigen

A

unrecognized protein, usually from outside the bond

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20
Q

antibody

A

aka immunoglobulin - B cells (lymphocytes)

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21
Q

antibodies and antigens bind together to do what

A

form immune complexes

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22
Q

vascular spasm

A

blood vessels will constrict (smooth muscle contracting)

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23
Q

platelet plug

A

temporary clot; positive feedback loop

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24
Q

coagulation (clotting)

A

platelets lead to clotting

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25
Q

what is the steps to blood clotting

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug
  3. coagulation (clotting)
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26
Q

clotting abnormalities

A
  1. hemophilia
  2. thrombosis - clotting
  3. embolus - moving clot
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27
Q

what is compliance

A

change in volume/change in pressure
- stretchiness of veins/arteries

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28
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

the sum of the diastolic pressure and one-third of the pulse pressure

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29
Q

what is the equation for MAP

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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30
Q

stroke volume

A
  • strength of contraction (heart muscle)
  • volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
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31
Q

heart rate

A

funny Na+ channels (how fast they open/close)

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32
Q

pacemaker

A

SA node (controls heart rate)

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33
Q

TPR - total peripheral resistance

A

changing size of blood vessels

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34
Q

alpha adrenoreceptors

A

constriction

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35
Q

beta adrenoreceptor

A

dilation

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36
Q

edema

A

excess fluid outside capillaries

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37
Q

where is the high and low pressure sides of the heart

A

high side = left, low side = right

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38
Q

arteries carry blood _____ the heart

A

away from

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39
Q

veins carry blood _____ the heart

A

toward the blood

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40
Q

where is the systemic capillary and pulmonary capillary

A

systemic is up and down and the pulmonary is side to side

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41
Q

where is the high O2 side and the low O2 side of the heart

A

high = left, low = right

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42
Q

the right side of the heart carries blood to the _____

A

lungs

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43
Q

the left side of the heart carries blood to the ______

A

from the ventricles to the whole body

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44
Q

systemic circulation

A

pumps blood through the body

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45
Q

which atriums and ventricles are the inputs and outputs

A

atriums are the input and the ventricles are the outputs

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46
Q

closing of AV valve

A

inflow to the ventricle - blood flowing into the heart

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47
Q

closing of the semilunar valve

A

outflow to the ventricle - blood flowing out of the heart

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48
Q

SA node and AV node

A

pacemakers of the heart

49
Q

parasympathetic

A

clam, lower heart rate by slowing the funny channels

50
Q

sympathetic

A

scares, increases heart rate by speeding up funny channels

51
Q

SA node

A

causes the last 25% of filling

52
Q

AV node

A

ventricular contraction

53
Q

EDV - end diastolic volume

A

how much the heart fills
- venous return effects how much blood fills

54
Q

ESV - end systolic volume

A

strength of contraction

55
Q

heart failure

A

anything that increases the residual volume - decrease stroke volume is fine, increase stroke volume is bad

56
Q

SA node happens when

A

right before the P wave on an EKG

57
Q

AV node happens when

A

between P wave and Q on an EKG

58
Q

arterial activation (systole)

A

contraction
- P wave

59
Q

ventricular (distole)

A

relaxation
- T wave

60
Q

cardiac cycle

A

A-B = filling w/ blood
A = opening of left AV node
B = closing of AV node
C-D = emptying
C = opening of aortic semilunar valve
D = closing of arotic semilunar valve

61
Q

how much blood is ejected per minute by left ventricle

A

5 liters

62
Q

hear attack

A
  • harder to fill the heart
  • get a weaker contraction
  • heart rate increases
63
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • immunity
  • fat absorption
  • fluid recovery
64
Q

pathogen

A

any disease causing organism

65
Q

antigens

A

any unrecognized protein

66
Q

extracellular

A

outside the cell - mostly bacteria

67
Q

intracellular

A

inside the cell - mostly viruses

68
Q

T lymphocytes

A

deal with intracellular pathogens (viruses)

69
Q

B lymphocytes

A

deal with extracellular pathogens (bacteria)

70
Q

antigen present cells (APCs)

A

any unrecognized protein

71
Q

dendritic cells

A

turn on T cells

72
Q

T regulatory cells

A

off switch to immunity

73
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

kill virus infected cells

74
Q

th1 cells

A

kill intracellular pathogens

75
Q

th2 cells

A

kill extracellular pathogens

76
Q

th1 and th2 cells are an

A

on switch to immunity

77
Q

macrophages

A
  • thought out the body
  • eat pathogens
78
Q

autoimmune

A

attack your own cells

79
Q

what are the two defenses against pathogens

A

specific and nonspecific

80
Q

non specific defense

A
  • 99% effective
  • cells, proteins, inflammatory response, fever
  • no memory
81
Q

specific

A
  • only activated if non specific are no adequate
  • immune response (T and B cells)
  • have memory
82
Q

what are the anatomical barriers

A
  • skin (effect of moisture)
  • acid mantle (sebaceous gland and sweat)
  • lysozyme (non specific kill bacteria)
83
Q

normal flora

A

non pathogenic

84
Q

neutrophils

A

1st to arrive within minutes - release bleach

85
Q

macrophages

A
  • aka monocytes
  • arrive 2nd within an hour - antigen present cell (eats it)
86
Q

eosinophils

A

peroxide (kills worms)

87
Q

mast cells

A
  • aka basophil
  • release histamine and heparin
  • vasodilation - increases leakiness in capillaries
88
Q

natural killer cells

A

T cells - kill any abnormal cells

89
Q

what kind of cells do we have in our blood

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • eosinophils
  • mast cells
  • natural killer cells
90
Q

proteins in our blood

A
  • interferons
  • complement
  • perforins
91
Q

interferons

A

virus infected cells
- tries to prevent viruses from spreading
- increases MHCI and MHCII expression which is cytotoxins

92
Q

perforins

A

abnormal cells
- natural killer cells (T lymphocytes)

93
Q

4 inflammatory responses

A
  1. redness - hyperemia (increased blood blot due to histamine)
  2. swelling - increased permeability of vessels (edema)
  3. increased temperature (warmer/fever) - hyperemia; increased metabolism
  4. pain - inflammatory chemicals
94
Q

pyrogen

A

anything that increases body temp

95
Q

what are the steps of fever

A
  1. increased body temp, increased metabolic rate
  2. stores excess iron - which is needed for bacterial growth
96
Q

histamine

A

too much causes allergic reaction

97
Q

cytotoxic cells

A

destroy cells

98
Q

helper t1 cells`

A

cellular immunity
- turn on immunity

99
Q

helper t2 cells

A

humoral immunity

100
Q

regulator t cells

A

turns off immunity

101
Q

active immunity

A

you form memory cells; lasts years

102
Q

natural active immunity

A

memory b cells

103
Q

artificial active immunity

A

vaccines

104
Q

natural passive immunity

A

mother during pregnancy/breast feeding

105
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

antibody injection

106
Q

natural immunity

A

someone else forms memory cells, you receive someone else’s antibodies
- lasts months

107
Q

neutralization

A

antibodies bind to inactive viruses and toxins

108
Q

complement activation

A

kills bacteria (antibacterial)

109
Q

opsonization

A

coat bacteria cells - helps with identification

110
Q

IgA

A

mucus membranes
- body secretions (sweat, tears, etc.)

111
Q

IgD

A

B cell receptors

112
Q

IgE

A

released during allergic reactions - mast cells/basophils

113
Q

IgG

A

most important - released 2nd after exposure w/ preexposure; released in huge amounts
- aka immunoglobulins
- goes through placenta

114
Q

IgM

A

released 1st w/ first exposure

115
Q

how does an autoimmune disease happen

A

cytotoxic T cells don’t turn off

116
Q

veins carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

A

deoxygenated

117
Q

arteries carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

A

oxygenated

118
Q

veins are very ______ and have what kind of pressure

A

veins are very stretchy and have low pressure while arteries are less stretchy and have high pressure

119
Q

homeopoeisis

A

bone marrow and two branches - lymphoid and myeloid

A & P II (5 decks)

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