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A & P II > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the location of the feeding center

A

lateral

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2
Q

what is the location of the satiety center

A

ventromedial

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3
Q

what are the effects of insulin on the feeding center

A

inhibition

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4
Q

what are the effects of feeding on the satiety center

A

activation

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5
Q

effects of glucagon on the feeding center

A

activation

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6
Q

effect of glucagon on the satiety center

A

inhibition

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7
Q

what is the relationship between blood glucose levels and activity for the feeding center

A

inverse

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8
Q

what is the relationship between blood glucose levels and activity for the satiety center

A

direct

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9
Q

effect of release of CCK on feeding center

A

inhibition

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10
Q

effect of release of CCK on satiety center

A

activation

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11
Q

what are the 4 layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscular, serosa

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12
Q

describe the mucosa layer with composition and function

A

composition: epithelium
function: absorption and secretion

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13
Q

describe the submucosa layer with composition and function

A

composition: connective tissue
function: blood, nerve, and lymph supply

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14
Q

describe the muscularis layer with composition and function

A

composition: smooth muscle
function: motility

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15
Q

describe the serosa layer with composition and function

A

composition: connective tissue
function: reduction of friction during muscle contractions

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16
Q

what are the 2 plexuses of the enteric nervous system

A

submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus

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17
Q

submucosal plexus (location and controls)

A

located in submucosal layer and controls secretions

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18
Q

myenteric plexus (location and controls)

A

located between 2 layers of smooth muscle in muscularis and controls motility of muscularis layer

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19
Q

describe the importance of serotonin levels in the digestive system

A

serotonin is a neurotransmitter of EC cells of the mucosal layer. it increases activation of the muscularis layer during peristalsis.

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20
Q

what would be a better drug to treat IBS, a drug that increased side effects of serotonin or one that decreases side effects

A

a more effective drug would be one that decreases serotonin effects to decrease smooth muscle contractions of the muscularis

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21
Q

describe the importance of bile

A

a secretion of the liver; stored in the gall bladder; important in the mechanical digestion of lipids in the small intestine; increases efficiency of pancreatic lipase

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22
Q

describe the importance of gastrin

A

hormone produced by G cells of the stomach; increases secretions and motility of the stomach; initiates a positive feedback loop in the stomach

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23
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

enzyme important in the chemical digestion of lipids in the duodenum

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24
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme important in the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach

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25
Q

salivary amylase

A

enzyme important in the chemical digestion of carbs (specifically starches) in the mouth

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26
Q

what are the 3 phases of the control of the digestion

A

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

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27
Q

describe activity and a substance that causes the change in the stomach for cephalic

A

activity of the stomach increases and the substance is ACh

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28
Q

describe activity and a substance that causes the change in the stomach for gastric

A

activity of the stomach increases and the substance is gastrin

29
Q

describe activity and a substance that causes the change in the stomach for intestinal

A

activity of the stomach decreases and the substance is GIP

30
Q

what is the importance of carbonic anhydrase in the stomach

A

carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that drives the reaction to the right, which allows for production of acid in the stomach

31
Q

what is THE chemical equation

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H + HCO3

32
Q

describe the effect of carbonic anhydrase activity on each of the phases and the substance

A
  • cephalic: increasing; ACh
  • gastric: increasing; gastrin
  • intestinal: decreasing; GIP
33
Q

what is the name of the stomach cell with he highest carbonic anhydrase

A

its highest in the cells of the stomach that secrete acid in the parietal cells

34
Q

how does the pH of the stomach affect carbonic anhydrase activity

A

carbonic anhydrase activity of parietal cells would be directly proportional to the pH of the stomach

35
Q

what is the importance of pepsinogen

A

pepsinogen is the active form of pepsin (the protein important in the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach)

36
Q

what cell produces pepsinogen

A

pepsinogen is produced by chief cells of the stomach

37
Q

what is the pH that pepsinogen requires for activation

A

pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of acid/low pH

38
Q

what does pepsinogen require activation

A

because its produced in the inactive form so that it doesn’t digest the walls of the stomach

39
Q

importance of triglycerides

A

digested in the small intestine

40
Q

importance of bile

A

bile is a substance that mechanically digests lipids, emulsifying fats, and increasing the surface area for the enzyme pancreatic lipase

41
Q

importance of pancreatic lipase

A

enzyme that is important for chemical digestion of lipids in the small intestines

42
Q

importance of micelles

A

transport the digestion products of pancreatic lipase to the walls of the small intestine for their absorption

43
Q

importance of chylomicrons

A

transport triglycerides from their site of absorption in the small intestine through the lymph and into the blood and on to the adipose tissue

44
Q

what hormone is present in absorptive state

A

insulin

45
Q

what hormone is present in post absorptive state

A

glucagon

46
Q

primary fuel source for most tissues in absorptive state

A

glucose

47
Q

primary fuel source for most tissues in post absorptive state

A

fats

48
Q

primary fuel source for nervous tissue in absorptive state

A

glucose

49
Q

primary fuel source for nervous tissues in post absorptive state

A

glucose

50
Q

timing for abortive state

A

immediately following a meal

51
Q

timing for post absorptive state

A

hours after a meal

52
Q

relative blood pH for absorptive state

A

basic

53
Q

relative blood pH for post absorptive state

A

acidic

54
Q

anabolism

A

production of polymers from monomers (=synthesis reactions); occurs more during absorptive state

55
Q

catabolism

A

production of monomers from polymers (=breakdown reactions); would occur more during the post absorptive state

56
Q

during pregnancy would the fetus be more in the absorptive state and post absorptive state

A

the fetus would be in the absorptive state and the mother would be in the post absorptive state

57
Q

why is it common for pregnant women to develop gestational diabetes

A

since insulin is the hormone of the absorptive state pregnant women can develop gestational diabetes which would ensure that they are not in the absorptive state

58
Q

what is the importance of acetyl coenzyme A to energy production by cells

A

its a chemical intermediate that enters the Krebs cycle and ultimately ending in oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria

59
Q

describe the affect of acetyl coenzyme a levels on anabolism and catabolism

A
  • anabolism: when acetyl CoA levels are high lipids are anabolized
  • catabolism: when acetyl CoA levels are low all nutrients are catabolized
60
Q

describe the most likely effect of insulin and glucagon on acetyl coenzyme A

A

blood glucose levels are directly proportional to cellular acetyl CoA levels. insulin should raise acetyl CoA levels and glucagon should lower acetyl CoA levels

61
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of heat exchange

A

conduction, convection, evaporation, radiation

62
Q

conduction

A

heat transfer between solids; little importance

63
Q

convection

A

heat transfer in fluids; importance is directly related to wind speed

64
Q

evaporation

A

heat transfer caused when water changes state from a liquid to a gas; only mechanism for heat loss when air temp exceeds body temp

65
Q

radiation

A

heat transfer through waves; largest source of heat transfer; in summer people wear fewer clothes in order to increase heat loss through convection and evaporation; in winter people wear more clothes in order to decrease heat loss through convection

66
Q

describe skin thermoreceptors and the core thermoreceptors

A
  • skin receptors are less sensitive (since skin temp can vary widely); in skin there are more cold thermoreceptors than warm thermoreceptors
  • core thermoreceptors are more sensitive; in the core there are more warm thermoreceptors than cold thermoreceptors
67
Q
A
68
Q
A

A & P II (5 decks)

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