Exam 1 Flashcards
(46 cards)
What are the Four D’s?
Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger (If all four are present, then this could be a sign of abnormality)
Views of abnormality in the middle-ages
Saw them as evil spirits and would drill holes into the head
Major developments in the 1950s; consequences of deinstitutionalization
a. In over half the states (26), there are 3 or fewer state psychiatric hospitals. *People who need treatment cannot access it.
Correlational research and understanding correlation coefficient
(Is there an association between…) ,
Pearsons Correlation Coefficient (r) : r ranges between -1 to 1, sign indicates the direction, numerical value indicates the strength
Advantages of the correlational method: High external validity (can generalize findings) *Can replicate studies with other samples *Sometimes you can’t ethically use an experiment
Difficulties: Lack internal validity *Describe but do not explain a relationship or causation
Experimental research
a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see
whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing
the determination of cause-and-effect relationships
The five steps in a true experiment: *Identify participants
*Randomly assign participants to a condition
*Manipulate the independent variable
*Measure the dependent variable
*Compare the results of the two groups
Well designed experiments have high internal validity
*To guard against confounds:
*Random assignment
*Masked designs
Analogue studies
an experimental procedure opposite of the field experiment. In an analog experiment, data from participants is collected in an artificial setting (e.g., laboratory
ABAB reversal designs
Single-subject experiments
ABAB designs involve alternating baseline condition with
treatment
*A = baseline
*B = treatment
Longitudinal and epidemiological research designs; understand meaning of prevalence
Longitudinal studies
*Observation of same individuals on many occasions over a
long period
Epidemiological studies
*Incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular
population
Protecting human participants in research; informed consent
Tuskegee Syphillis Study sparked outrage and led to new standards
APA Ethics Code covers the following research issues:
*Informed Consent
*Debriefing
*Protection of Participants
*Deception
*Confidentiality
*Withdrawal
Sociocultural perspective
Explained by sociocultural reasons such as poverty, culture, and other things
Biological Perspective
Brain anatomy
Neurotransmitter and hormonal
abnormalities
Genetics
Evolutionary Perspective
Something that developed out of evolution
Biological treatments, specifically brain stimulation techniques
Psychosurgery (neurosurgery)
Unsavory history (Moniz’s prefrontal
lobotomy)
Decreased with use of antipsychotic drugs
Modern techniques involve the selective
destruction of minute areas of the brain.
Effective with debilitating OCD, self mutilation, or anorexia
Psychodynamic model
a. Ego defense mechanisms: Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce anxiety (Not always adaptive)
b. Repression: the ego keeps disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious, those events are pushed into the unconscious mind
c. Denial: the refusal to accept reality or fact
d. Projection: involves individuals attributing their own thoughts, feeling and motives to another person.
e. Displacement: redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one, Can also displace negative feelings onto oneself
a. Range from Freudian psychoanalysis to modern therapies * Focuses on individual personality dynamics * Guide the client to uncover past traumas and inner conflicts b. Techniques used in Freudian psychoanalysis: * Free association * Analysis of dreams * Analysis of resistance * Analysis of transference c. Working through” leads to healing through: * Recognizing resistances (insight) * Overcoming resistances (change)
Id is like the devil, Superego the angel, and the ego is the balance
Behavioral perspective of abnormality
The central theme of the behavioral dimension is learning
Classical conditioning * Operant conditioning * Modeling
Behavior therapy approaches: * Exposure therapies * Aversion therapy * Token economies
Carl Rogers’ humanistic theory and therapy
Self-actualizing tendency: the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities * Self-concept: the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life
Self-Concept includes: The (perceived) “real self”, the “ideal self”
Supportive climate created by therapist: * Unconditional positive regard * Accurate empathy * Genuineness (Reflective Listening)
Little Research to support, but aspects of it still used by therapists
Search for meaning is includes one’s beliefs, values, and experiences related to religion and spirituality
Multicultural theorists’ explanation for abnormality
seek to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors affect behavior and thought
Cultural competence
Clinicians need to consider the effects of culture when diagnosing clients
Developmental psychopathology perspective
Equifinality and Multifinality
Idiographic information and nomothetic understanding
the nomothetic approach is associated with the search for general laws while the idiographic approach is associated with the understanding of specific cases and unique individuals.
Types of clinical interviews
Ex. Video of unstructured clinical interview: * Training interview for mental health professionals * Actors play patient and clinician * Symptoms of Agoraphobia
Structured interviews (Must build rapport with client): * Responses can be quantified * Take longer; client frustration * Example: (on Sakai): Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID)
Projective tests (how they work; specific tests)
Unstructured (ambiguous) stimuli are presented * Meaning or structure projected onto stimuli * Projections reveal hidden motives (bring thoughts from the unconscious to the conscious)
Rorschach Inkblot Test,
thematic Apperception Test: Developed in 1940s, same order and same instructions every time, tell a story from all the cards
Sentence Completion Test
Problems with projective tests: * Very subjective * Low reliability * Low validity
MMPI-2
(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
567 items * 120 scales * 9 validity scales * 10 clinical scales measuring psychopathology
Clinical Scales: *Hypochondriasis * Depression * Hysteria * Psychopathic deviate * Masculinity-femininity * Paranoia * Psychathenia * Schizophrenia * Hypomania * Social introversion
Neurological and neuropsychological tests
Neurological tests including neuroimaging to determine site and extent of organic brain disorder
Neuropsychological tests to determine the effect of brain disorder on mental and behavioral capabilities
