Exam 4 Flashcards
(37 cards)
Five Factor Model of Personality
Openness to Experience Facets: Fantasy * Aesthetics * Feelings * Actions * Ideas * Values
Conscientiousness Facets:
Competence, Order, Dutifulness. Achievement Striving, Self-Discipline, Deliberation
Extraversion/Introversion:
Warmth, Gregariousness, Assertiveness, Activity, Excitement Seeking, Positive Emotion
Agreeableness/Antagonism Facets:
Trust, Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, Modesty, Tendermindedness
Neuroticism/Emotional Stability Facets: * Anxiety * Hostility * Depression * Self-consciousness * Impulsiveness * Vulnerability to Stress
The clusters of personality disorders
Cluster A includes: * Paranoid * Schizoid * Schizotypal
Cluster B includes: * Histrionic * Narcissistic * Antisocial * Borderline
Cluster C includes: * Avoidant * Dependent * Obsessive-compulsive
(Issues with reliability and validity)
Challenges to treating personality disorders
Personality disorders can be complex, individuals may not always want to come forward with such issues, and comorbidity with other issues can complicate things. Therapy may also be slow and have limited affects.
Schizotypal personality disorder (biological explanations)
High dopamine activity, enlarged brain
ventricles, smaller temporal lobes, and loss of gray matter
Antisocial personality disorder criteria
Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of
others as indicated by at least 3 of the following:
1.Failure to obey laws and norms by engaging in behavior which would
warrant criminal arrest
2.Lying, deception, and manipulation, for profit or pleasure
3.Impulsive behavior
4.Irritability and aggression, frequently engages in fighting
5.Blatantly disregards safety of self and others.
6.A pattern of irresponsibility
7.Lack of remorse for actions
At least age 18
C. Conduct disorder present before age 15
D. The antisocial behavior does not occur in the context of
schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
Motivations of mass shooters
Personality: mixture of antisocial, paranoid, narcissistic, and
schizoid traits
Most common motive: revenge
Antisocial personality disorder, anxiety, and learning
individuals with ASPD may experience symptoms of anxiety, particularly in situations where they face potential consequences for their actions or when their safety is threatened. However, this anxiety is often related to self-preservation rather than empathy or concern for others,
Some individuals with ASPD may exhibit deficits in academic achievement or vocational success due to factors such as impulsivity, difficulty with authority figures, and a tendency to engage in risky behaviors.
Additionally, ASPD is associated with executive functioning deficits, including difficulties with impulse control, planning, and decision-making, which can impact learning and problem-solving abilities.
Characteristics of borderline personality disorder
Unstable interpersonal relationships (idolizing a friend and dropping them after one issue) * Unstable self-image * Impulsivity * Drastic mood shifts * Suicidal actions and threats and self-injury
Comorbidity: Mood and anxiety disorders * Substance use * Other PDs especially schizotypal, narcissistic, and dependent disorder
d. Most common pattern: Instability and risk of suicide peak during young adulthood and then gradually wane
70-75% of patients with BPD self-injure, Functions to regulate emotions
Treatments for borderline personality disorder
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): DBT incorporates mindfulness practice and CBT * Prioritizes decreasing suicidal and self-harming behavior and increasing coping skills * Distress tolerance * Interpersonal effectiveness * Emotional regulation * Systematic research supports DBT
- Mentalization-based therapy (MBT): evidence-based treatment * Goals are to enhance mentalization and improve emotional regulation (thinking before reacting)
STEPPS (relatively new; includes family/loved ones in treatment)
Group activities and HW given by therapist, Radical Acceptance
Characteristics of histrionic personality disorder
Extreme emotionality and attention-seeking: * Always “on stage” * Need constant approval and praise * Over-concern with attractiveness * Irritability and temper outbursts if attention seeking is frustrated * Males and females equally affected
Will want to do something dramatic to redirect attention back to them, some attention is better than no attention
Causes of narcissistic personality disorder
Psychodynamic theorists: cold, rejecting parents; abuse
* Cognitive-behavioral theorists: parental over-evaluation
* Sociocultural theorists: “eras of narcissism”
Avoidant personality disorder (causal factors)
Hypersensitivity to rejection or social derogation * Shyness * Insecurity in social interaction and initiating relationships
Causes: Modest genetic influence; manifested in inhibited temperament. * Introversion and neuroticism are elevated.
Psychodynamic explanation: emotional abuse, rejection, humiliation from parents. Early experiences of shame
Characteristics of dependent personality disorder
Difficulty in separating in relationships * Discomfort at being alone * Subordination of own needs to keep others in relationship * Indecisiveness
Characteristics of Cluster A (odd) personality disorders
Social withdrawal or discomfort in social situations.
Odd or eccentric behavior, beliefs, or thought patterns.
Suspiciousness or paranoia.
Emotional coldness or detachment.
Difficulty in forming close relationships.
Limited emotional expression or range.
Heightened sensitivity to criticism or perceived slights.
Unusual perceptual experiences or beliefs.
Anxiety disorder symptoms in children compared to adults
Expressed differently from adult anxiety disorders. More behavioral and somatic symptoms:
* Clinging * Sleep difficulties * Stomach pains
Characteristics of separation anxiety disorder
Extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are separated from home or a parent
b. Selective mutism: child consistently fails to speak in some situations but not in others
c. * 4-5% percent of children * Extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are separated from home or a parent * Can resolve on its own * Some go on to exhibit school refusal
Can even carry on into adulthood
Externalizing and internalizing childhood disorders
Externalizing: characterized primarily by actions in the external world, such as acting out, antisocial behavior, hostility, and aggression
Internalizing: behaviors and disorders are characterized primarily by processes within the self, such as anxiety, somatic complaints, and depression
Child maltreatment, the ACE study, and risk of developing psychological disorders
ACE Study: 17000 participants, Childhood Traumas 0-10, How those experiences affect their later health and wellbeing
Results: * 87% of people have at least score of 1 * 10% of men and 15% of women have scores of 4 or more * Childhood adversity contributes to most of our major chronic health and mental health issues.
Scores of 4 or more considered toxic stress and disrupt neurodevelopment: * Increased suicide risk * Increased risk of developing eating disorders and substance use disorders * 4x more likely to develop schizophrenia and bipolar disorder * 2x more likely to develop depression or anxiety
Protective factors (individual; family; community) negatively correlate with ACEs
Difference between bipolar disorder in children and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
BD generally develops during late adolescence or early adulthood * DMDD only diagnosed in children aged 6–18 years
Extreme irritation/anger: * In BD only during manic episodes * In DMDD most of the time
Characteristics of oppositional defiant disorder
Lifetime prevalence 10%
DSM-5 criteria- for at least six months display: * angry/irritable mood * argumentative/defiant behavior * vindictiveness
Patterns of aggression in conduct disorder
Overt-nondestructive * Overt-destructive * Covert-destructive * Covert-nondestructive
Another pattern (most common in girls): relational aggression
Children with CD frequently suspended from school, placed in foster homes, or incarcerated. Juvenile delinquency: when children ages 8 to 18 break the law
Treatments for conduct disorder
Effective treatments: * cohesive family model * behavioral techniques * Sociocultural approaches, e.g., therapeutic foster care (trained people who know what they’re doing)
Small, but encouraging words, ignore aggressive behaviors
Ineffective: * standard talk therapy * punitive treatments (intensifies behaviors)
The neurodiversity paradigm
A term used to describe individuals whose brain functions differ significantly from the typical norm. This includes conditions such as ADHD, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder.
i. Emphasizes strengths as well as differences. Reduces self- and other-stigma by promoting acceptance.
ii. Recognition under the ADA as a disability can be beneficial for accessing necessary support and accommodations.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (characteristics)
characterized by a persistent pattern of difficulties sustaining attention and/or impulsiveness and excessive or exaggerated motor activity * Classified as an externalizing disorder
9.8% of schoolchildren (aged 3-17) diagnosed with ADHD * ADHD symptoms typically start before age 12 * Symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe
Occurs more often in boys and presentations can be different in boys and girls. * Lessening of symptoms mid-adolescence. * 35-60% continue to have ADHD as adults.
