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Med conditions 1 (CV) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Preload

A

End-diastolic volume

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2
Q

After load

A

Stress in the wall of left ventricle during ejection (SVR/TPR)

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3
Q

SVR

A

Systemic vascular resistance (afterload)

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4
Q

TPR

A

Total peripheral resistance

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5
Q

Contractility

A

Inotropy- innate ability of the heart muscle to contract and generate force

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6
Q

Treppe reflex

A

Increases in HR result in increases in contractile force

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7
Q

Frank-starling mechanism

A

Ability of heart to change its force of contraction and therefore stroke volume in response to changes in venous return

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8
Q

Cardiac output =

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

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9
Q

Blood pressure =

A

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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10
Q

As BP decreases, the baroreceptor firing rate …….and sympathetic output….

A

Decreases (think foot off the brake)
, increases

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11
Q

Anrep reflex

A

With an abrupt increase in afterload, contractility increases to prevent dangerous decreases in SV

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12
Q

Bainbridge Reflex

A

Increase venous return-> stimulation of right atrium stretch reflex -> tachycardia

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13
Q

VO2 =

A

Cardiac output x (A-V) O2 difference

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14
Q

Q= (think pressure)

A

Change in pressure/resistance (r^4)

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15
Q

Q= (think velocity)

A

Velocity x Area

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16
Q

Heart layers from outside to inside

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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17
Q

Myocardial Cells

A

Branching, one central nuclei, intercalated discs

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18
Q

Gap junctions

A

Form between myocardial cells allowing small molecules including ions to pass

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19
Q

Wigger’s diagram

A

Cardiac cyle

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20
Q

Pressure/volume diagram

A

A-mitral valve opens, B-mitral valve closes, C- aortic valve opens, D- aortic valve closes

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21
Q

SA Node Rate

A

60-100

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22
Q

AV Node Rate

A

40-60

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23
Q

Ventricular/Purkinje System Rate

A

20-40

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24
Q

Parasympathetic control on HR

A

SA and AV nodes concentrating in atria

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25
Sympathetic node control
Supply SA/AV nodes and muscles of the ventricles
26
Chronotropy
Heart rate
27
Dromotropy
Conduction velocity
28
Inotropy
Contraction of myocardium
29
Lusitropy
Relaxation of myocardium
30
What does Epi/norepi effect on alpha 1 receptors?
Located on smooth muscle and causes vasoconstriction
31
What does Epi/norepi effect on beta-1 receptors?
Heart - increases HR, contractility, conduction velocity
32
What does Epi/norepi effect on beta-2 receptors?
Lungs- smooth muscle in coronary arteries and lungs causing vasodilation
33
When in cardiac cycle does the heart get its own blood?
Diastole
34
Functions of pericardium
Reduce friction with contraction, stabilizes/anchors heart in thorax, protection, promotes distribution of contractile forces
35
Cardiac Tamponade
Build up of fluid in the pericardium
36
Windkessel Effect
Arteries distend when blood pressure rises in systole and recoil when BP falls in diastole - keeps blood flow constant down stream
37
Function of small arteries and arterioles
Regulate BP, regulate blood distribution
38
Capillaries
Function to provide area of exchange for gases, nutrients and waste. Single layer of endothelial cells Associated with contractile pericytes
39
Venous system
Return blood to heart, serve as reservoir for blood (capacitance vessel)
40
Auto regulation
Attempts to maintain a constant blood flow of an organ despite changes in perfusion pressure
41
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)=
Diastolic BP + 1/3(SBP-DBP) Represents organ perfusion pressure (NEEDS to be above 60mmHg)
42
Normal resting membrane potential
-70mV
43
Hyperkalemia
Too much potassium (membrane potential become more positive) - happens in kidney disease, diabetes, post-op Can lead to spontaneous cell depolarization altering nerve, heart and muscle function
44
Potassium
Normal:3.5-5.3 Hyperkalemia: >5.3 Signs: fatigue, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis ECG: widening of QRS, tachycardia, cardiac arrest
45
Hypokalemia
Fatigue, paralysis, respiratory failure ECG: st segment depression, PVC/PAC, v-fib
46
Cardiomyocyte action potential curve:
4: resting cell 0: sodium comes in 1: potassium comes out 2: calcium comes in, potassium comes out 3: potassium comes out
47
Exercise Stress Test
Progressively stress cardiovascular and pulmonary systems in a controlled manner
48
Exercise test
Speed/elevation/resistance Goal: 8-12min Large muscle groups and rhythmic in nature
49
Pharmacological Test
Used for those who cannot exercise Dipyridamole(persantine) - vasodilator Adenosine- vasodilator Dobutamine- increases HR/contractility
50
Submaximal test
Test is terminated at predetermined end point- HR/specific workload/time point
51
Maximal test/graded exercise test
Peak- symptom limited Max- specific conditions must be met
52
VO2 max criteria
HR:BP plateau even though workload increases Within 5-15beats of predicted max HR Blood lactate > 8-100mmol/L
53
Heart Failure (ventilation)
Increased ventilation at all workloads Decreased maximal ventilation Increased CO2 production at all workloads
54
Phase 1 cardiac rehabilitation
F: mobilization 2-4x daily I: 3-5 METs , resting HR + 50bpm T: progress to >150min light to mod T: AROM, ADLs, light resistance
55
Phase 2 cardiac rehab
F: 3-5x per week I: HR based or RPE T: greater than 150min per week mod T: aerobic and resistance exercise training
56
BP and exercise
Systolic: increases with intensity Diastolic: stays relatively the same 10-15mmhg
57
Rate Pressure Product
Measure of the stress put on cardiac muscle RPP= HR x systolic BP
58
Pharmacokinetics
How body acts on drug Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination
59
Pharmacodynamics
How drug acts on body
60
ADR
Adverse drug reaction
61
Portal Circulation (first pass metabolism)
The circulation of nutrient rich blood between the gut and liver. Portal venous blood contains all products of digestion absorbed from GO tract
62
Bioavailability
Amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation
63
Volume of distribution
The total amount of drug in the body compared to the concentration in the bloodstream
64
Half Life
Time it takes for concentration of drug to be reduced by 50%
65
Steady state
When clearance rate and dose rate are equal - continuous infusion is 3-5 half lives
66
Long half life
Drug takes a long time to reach steady state - a loading dose is often given
67
Short half life
Drug reached steady state quicker
68
Higher potency
Similar effect at lower dose
69
Efficacy of drug
% response

Med conditions 1 (CV) (2 decks)

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