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Biological Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anthropology

A

The holistic, integrative, and comparative study of humans
Anthropos: “man”,”human”
Logos: “study of”

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2
Q

holistic

A

study the whole of the human condition

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3
Q

integrative

A

combine evidence from multiple sources and multiple fields

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4
Q

comparative

A

take a cross-cultural perspective in most of the research

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5
Q

four fields of anthropology

A

cultural, linguistic, archaeology, biological

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6
Q

culture

A

a uniquely human means of non-biological adaptation, learned behavior (def. gave by E.B. Taylor)

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7
Q

ethnology

A

the science that analyzes and compares human cultures, cross-cultural comparison

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8
Q

ethnography

A

the descriptive documentation and analysis of a contemporary culture, often involves fieldwork

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9
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judging other cultures using one’s own cultural standards

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10
Q

cultural relativism

A

the idea that to know another culture requires full understanding of its members’ beliefs and motivations

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11
Q

linguistic anthropology

A

focuses on the formation and relationships between human languages and the relationship between language and culture

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12
Q

archaeology

A

the study of human and artifact interactions in all times and all places (material culture)

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13
Q

biological anthropology

A

the study of present and past biological variation in humans, human ancestors, and human relatives

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14
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated guess based upon observation

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15
Q

theory

A

a framework for generating hypotheses

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16
Q

scientific law

A

a statement of fact meant to describe an action or set of actions. generally accepted to be true and universal

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17
Q

culture is…

A

learned, based on symbols, shared, patterned

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18
Q

enculturation

A

the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations

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19
Q

symbol

A

something, verbal or non-verbal, that stands for something else

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20
Q

international culture

A

cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries

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21
Q

national cultures

A

cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation

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22
Q

subculture

A

share some features with dominant culture but have distinctive attributes of their own

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23
Q

diffusion

A

when a cultural trait moves from one culture to another

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24
Q

acculturation

A

an exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact

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25
Q

independent invention

A

the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems

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26
Q

etic perspective

A

outsiders perspective

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27
Q

emic perspective

A

insiders perspective

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28
Q

Franz Boas

A

father of American anthropology. cultures progress through their own historical trajectories, there are no set stages

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29
Q

unilineal evolution

A

all cultures progress through set stages

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30
Q

multilineal evolution

A

distinctive cultural histories are emphasized

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31
Q

sociocultural evolution

A

describes how cultures have developed over time

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32
Q

what distinguishes humans from other animals

A

culture, only living bipedal mammals, nonhoning canine tooth, organized hunting with tools, speech, relatively large brains

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33
Q

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

A

(1700s-1800s) attempted to classify humanity into discrete groups on physical characteristics

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34
Q

James Cowles Prichard

A

(1800s) identified Africa as the origin place for humanity

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35
Q

Java Man

A

found by Eugene Dubois (late 1800s), earliest human fossil ever discovered

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35
Q

Piltdown Man

A

thought to be unknown early human, debunked in 1950s. mix of human and orangutan bones

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35
Q

taung child

A

published by Raymond Dart. first fossil of Australopithecus africanus, found in 1920s

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35
Q

Ales Hrdlicka vs. Franz Boas

A

Hrdlicka believed that human evolution was in stages(with Indigenous ppl at the bottom as early humans, and Europeans at the top as developed humans)
Boas believed in cultural relativism. Cultures cannot be ranked, and are all valid and can only be understood in their own contexts

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35
Q

Sherwood Washburn

A

1900s, pioneered study of primates in natural settings

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36
Q

Anthropometry

A

measurement of body form, earliest focus in biological anthropology

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37
Q

biocultural anthropology

A

explicitly concerned with the relationship between culture, behavior, and human biology

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38
Q

genetics

A

central biological anthropology in the 21st century, mapping genetic diversity and linking genotypes to phenotypes

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39
Q

primatology

A

a large subfield of biological anth with its own subfields, focus on wild and captive non-human primates. goal is to better understand humans (behavior, non-behavioral biology, the fossil record)

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40
Q

paleoanthropology

A

the study of human ancestors and their relatives, the grey area between archaeology and paleontology

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41
Q

bioarchaeology

A

study of human remains in archaeological contexts

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42
Q

paleopathology

A

study of disease in past populations. based on morphology and histology of bone

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43
Q

forensic anthropology

A

attempt to reconstruct a person’s age, sex, pathological characteristics, and physical identity through their remains

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44
Q

human osteology

A

study of human skeleton, functional morphology, histology, biochemistry

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45
Q

medical anthropolgy

A

intersection of human health and human biology, cultural dimensions and conceptions of health

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46
Q

diet and nutrition

A

what did humans eat in the past and today? focus on non-industrial societies, relationships between diet and human biology

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47
Q

human reproduction and sex differences

A

consequences and tradeoffs for reproductive strategies, life history theory

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48
Q

Travels of Herodotus

A

400BC, accounts of people in western Asia and northern Africa

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49
Q

Aristotle

A

300BC, contemplated what separates humans from other animals, Universalist in approach

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50
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A

1500s, early cultural relativist (the noble savage)

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51
Q

Giambattista Vico

A

late 1600s-early 1700s, four stages of humanity

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52
Q

four stages of humanity

A

bestial condition, age of gods, age of heroes, age of man

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53
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

late 1600s-early 1700s, cross cultural study of legal systems, comparative in nature

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54
Q

Jean Jacques-Rousseau

A

1700s, humanity began in the state of nature, societal development increasingly corrupts individuals

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55
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

1800s, technological stages for society: savagery, barbarism, civilization

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56
Q

Karl Marx

A

1800s, social change is driven by dialectics

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57
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

coined “survival of the fittest” in 1850s

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58
Q

James Ussher

A

1500s-1600s, reconstructed age of the world using Biblical chronology

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59
Q

James Hutton

A

1700s, idea of uniformitarianism

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60
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the same natural phenomena that occur today, occurred in the past

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61
Q

Charles Lyell

A

1800s, calculated how long it would have taken for the world’s strata to form (Earth’s age)

62
Q

law of superposition

A

recent geological layers near the top and older layers near the bottom, establishes relative age

63
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1600s, compared ammonite fossils to living invertebrates and fossil wood to living trees, concluding that the fossils were once living

64
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

1700s-1800s, applied anatomical studies to fossil animals (Catastrophism)

65
Q

Catastrophism

A

fossils in different strata are the result of major catastrophies.

66
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

1700s, developed taxonomic system, all organisms can be named with a species (combination of genus and specific epithet)

67
Q

order of taxonomic system

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (dear king philip came over for good soup)

68
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

1700s-1800s, population growth is limited by food. survival and reproduction depends on individual abilites. anticipated social Darwinism

69
Q

Georges-Louis Leclerc

A

1700s, estimated Earth to be 70,000 years old. species spontaneously arose in different regions and could change with migration

70
Q

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet (Lamarck)

A

1700s-1800s, evolution via disuse (acquired characteristics), new characteristscs inherited by offspring, increasingly complex

71
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

1700s, grandfather of charles darwin, all life originated from a single form, evolution driven by strongest members

72
Q

Charles Darwin

A

1800s, HMS Beagle voyage to chart the coast of South America, recognized similarities of fossils with modern animals, natural selection (finches)

73
Q

natural selection

A

those with traits better suited for their habitat are more likely to survive and produce offspring

74
Q

Alfred Russell Wallace

A

1800s-1900s, similar conclusion to Darwin, collected specimens in the Amazon Forest, lost everything when ship sank, went to Malaysia and Indonesia, Wallace Line

75
Q

Wallace Line

A

faunal boundary, transitional zone between Asia and Austrailia

76
Q

consequences of Darwin

A

mechanism for evolution that allows predictions about modern life. hypothesis testing. triggered search for human ancestors

77
Q

mode of inheritance

A

the manner that a trait is passed down generations

78
Q

gregor mendel

A

1800s, contemporary of Darwin, bred pea plants to see the frequency in which traits were passed down

79
Q

alleles

A

discrete unit inherited from one parent, dominant and recessive forms

80
Q

genotype

A

paired allels

81
Q

phenotype

A

physical expression of genotype

82
Q

hetrozygous genotype

A

the allels are different

83
Q

homozygous genotypes

A

the allels are the same

84
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

1800s-1900s, replicated Mednel’s work with fruit flies, demonstrated that genes are transported on chromosomes

85
Q

mutation

A

the source of variation

86
Q

modern synthesis

A

combination of Darwinian natural selection with Mendelian inheritance.

87
Q

population genetics

A

how genes vary and evolve in groups of living organisms

88
Q

gene flow

A

the diffusion of genes between populations

89
Q

genetic drift

A

random fluctuations in allele frequencoes across a population; stronger force in small populations

90
Q

the four forces of evolution

A

natural selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift

91
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

discovered the double helix shape of DNA (stole work from Rosalind Franklin)

92
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s four questions

A

development, mechanism, evolutionary history, function

93
Q

gradualism

A

evolution takes milltions of years, its gradual

94
Q

Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge

A

proposed punctuated equilibria, long periods of statis broken up by periods of rapid evolution

95
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution that can be noticed in the fossil record

96
Q

inclusive fitness

A

organisms as carriers for genes

97
Q

WD Hamiltion

A

1900s, named and mathematically formatlized inclusive fitness

98
Q

V.V Wynne-Edwards

A

1900s, main proponent of group selection

99
Q

group selection

A

groups of individuals who cooperate will outcompete those who do not

100
Q

sociobiology

A

sought adaptive explanations for behavior, human and non-human

101
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

assumes mismatch between modern behaviors and current environment

102
Q

behavioral ecology

A

assumes high behavioral malleability, unlike evolutionary psychology

103
Q

phenotypic gambit

A

concerned only with phenotypes, how they are inherited is not important

104
Q

optimal foraging theory

A

assumed tight link between optimizing caloric intake and Darwinian fitness

105
Q

cultural transmission theory

A

takes as a given that phenotypes can be transmitted through genes and culture, not adaptationist

106
Q

epigenetics

A

heritable changes in gene expression

107
Q

prokaryotes

A

organisms with cells that lack internal compartmentalization, all unicellular

108
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms with cells that contain internal compartments separated by membranes, unicellular or multicellular

109
Q

viruses

A

no DNA or cell, requires a host cell to replicate, unable to grow or produce energy

110
Q

chhromosomes

A

a threadlike structure of tightly pacled DNA

111
Q

gene

A

each protein generating segment of DNA

112
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genes in an individual

113
Q

homoplasmic

A

identical in every cell in an organism’s body

114
Q

heteroplasmic

A

differs across cells, even those that comprise the same tissue

115
Q

DNA structure

A

right-twisted double-helix that resmbles a ladder

116
Q

proteins

A

template for protein synthesis, comprised of amino acids

117
Q

mitosis

A

entails the division and replication of diploid cells

118
Q

law of segregation

A

only one allele from each gene is present in gametes

119
Q

law of independend assortment

A

alleles from different genes are sorted into gametes independent of each other

120
Q

meiosis

A

replaces cells

121
Q

structural genes

A

responsible for generating all of the body’s tissues and structures

122
Q

regulatory genes

A

control when structural genes are expressed

123
Q

hox genes

A

control general body plan of most complex organisms

124
Q

polymorphisms

A

when a gene varies across a population

125
Q

microsatellites

A

highly individualistic segments of repeated DNA

126
Q

epigenetics

A

modifications to the way that DNA is regulated and expressed, but the sequences themselves remain unchanged

127
Q

deme

A

members of a species that can produce offspring

128
Q

gene pool

A

all genetic material within a population

129
Q

species

A

all members of all populations that can produce fertile offspring

130
Q

mutation

A

copying errors, exceedingly rare events at the locus scale, only passed down during meiosis

131
Q

synonymous point mutation

A

an altered nucleotide base triplet that contains the original amino acid

132
Q

nonsynonymous point mutation

A

a new animo acid is produced

133
Q

frameshift mutation

A

the insertion or deletion of a base

134
Q

transposable elements

A

genes that copy themselves to other locations along a DNA sequence

135
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

mutations with an unknown cause

136
Q

induced mutations

A

caused by known environmental agents

137
Q

directional selection

A

favors one form of a trait phenotype

138
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors the average trait phenotype

139
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors multiple forms of a trait, with the exception of the average

140
Q

melanic

A

gene is CC or Cc

141
Q

nonmelanic

A

gene is only cc

142
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequencies not subject to natural selection

143
Q

endogamous

A

populations do not reproduce with other populations

144
Q

exogamous

A

populations reproduce with members outside of their populations

145
Q

founder effects

A

a specific type of genetic drift that occures during migration

146
Q

gene flow

A

introduction of genetic material

147
Q

geographic clines

A

some genes that spread due to logical environmental adaptations are easily phenotypically observable

148
Q

the prenatal stage

A

begins at fertilization and ends at birth

149
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell

150
Q

blastocyst

A

cells begin differentiating, forming an embryo and memranous layers around the embryo

151
Q

postnatal stage

A

neonatal, infancy, childhood, juvenile period, puberty, adolescene

152
Q

the adult stage

A

includes the reproductive and postreproductive periods

153
Q

functional adaptations

A

biological adjustments that occur within an individual’s lifetime

154
Q

indirect approaches

A

studying populations in their natural environments, participant observation

155
Q

direct approaches

A

replication of environmental conditions, lab experiments

156
Q

Bergman’s

A

optimal body size decreases with increasing temerature

157
Q

allen’s rule

A

limbs become longer and thinner in warmer climates

158
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

mass is produced where and when it is needed and removed where and when it is not needed

Biological Anthropology (4 decks)

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