Exam 1 Flashcards
(247 cards)
0
Q
What is the principle type of protein fiber in bone?
A
Collagen type 1
1
Q
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
A
Glycosaminoglycan
2
Q
What is the most frequent described deposit in bone?
A
Hydroxyapatite
3
Q
What is wolfs law as it pertains to bone?
A
Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress.
4
Q
What are the 3 responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”?
A
It has the ability to heal, remodel under stressors and to age
5
Q
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
A
Intramembranous ossification
6
Q
WhAt is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
A
From the second to third month in utero
7
Q
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
A
Endochondral ossification
8
Q
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
A
From the second to fifth month utero
9
Q
What part of the skull is devised from Endochondral ossification?
A
Chondrocranium
10
Q
Which skull bones are ossified by both Endochondral and intramembranous ossification
A
The mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones.
11
Q
What bone of the axial skeleton is formed by both Endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
A
The clavicle
12
Q
What are the names given the the parts of a long bone
A
The diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)
13
Q
What are examples of short bones
A
Most of the bones of carpus and tarsus
14
Q
What are examples of pneumatic bone
A
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla and sphenoid
15
Q
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone
A
The bone develops within a tendon
16
Q
What are consistent exampls of sesamoid bones
A
Patella and pisiform
17
Q
What are the four basic surface feature categories
A
Elevation, depression, tunnels or passageways and facets
18
Q
What are the types of Osseous linear elevations
A
The line, ridge and crest
19
Q
What are the types of rounded Osseous elevations
A
Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
20
Q
What is the categories of sharp Osseous elevations
A
Spine And process
21
Q
What are the categories of Osseous linear depressions
A
Notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
22
Q
What are the categories of rounded Osseous depressions
A
The fovea and fossa
23
Q
What are the names given to the openings on the surface of bone?
A
Ostium or orifice and hiatus
24
What is the definition of an Osseous foramen
An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
25
What is the definition of and osseous canal
An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
26
What is the definition of an osseous meatus
A blind-ended passageway which does not completely penetrate through a bone
27
What is the definition of an Osseous fissure
An irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surface of adjacent bones
28
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets
Articulate heads and articulate condyles
29
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible
The cranium
30
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull
28 bones
31
How many bones from the typical neurocranium
8 bones
32
How many bones from the facial skeleton
14 bones
33
What are the classifications of Ribs 3-7
Typical ribs, true ribs, costa verae, and vertebrosternal ribs
34
What are the classifications of ribs 1 and 2 in the typical adult skeleton
Atypical ribs, true ribs, cost verae, and vertebrosternal ribs
35
What are the classification of ribs 8 and 9 I the typical adult
Typical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, and vertebrochondral ribs
36
What are the classifications of rib 10 I the typical adult skeleton
Atypical rib, false rib, costa spuriae, and vertebrochondral ribs
37
What are the classifications of ribs 11 and 12 In The typical adult
Atypical, false ribs, costa spuriae, and vertebral ribs
38
What is the term used for the study of joints
Arthrology
39
What is the term used to identify the study of ligaments
Syndesmology
40
What are the three histological classifications of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
41
What were the three classifications of joints based on movement potential
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis
42
What are the 4 subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings
Suture, gomphosis, schindylesis and syndesmosis
43
What are the characteristics of sutura Vera/true sutures
Sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembraneous ossification
44
What were the classifications of sutura Vera/true sutures based on Latin groupings
Serrate, denticulate and limbous
45
What are the characteristics of sutura notha/false sutures
Sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by Endochondral ossification
46
What were the classifications of sutura notha/false sutures based on Latin grouping
Squamous and harmonia
47
What is the synonym used to identify the synarthrosis joint type
Fibrous joints
48
What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth
Malocclusion
49
The fibrous connective tissue holding the seams of the skull together are called
Sutural ligaments
50
What is the name of the location at the top of the skull where intramembraneous ossification centers have not yet united
Fontanelles
52
What is the name given to the remnant of the anterior Fontanelle in the adult skull
Bregma
53
What is the purpose of lymphatic capillaries
Remove excess plasma proteins from the interstitial space and prevent edema
54
What is the name given to the remnant of the posterior Fontanelle in the adult skull
Lambda
55
which suture classefication demonstrates interlocking and overlapping characteristics
limbous suture
56
sutures which neither overlap nor interlock are classified as?
harmonia
57
which joint classification would involve a fissure condition or appearance
schindylesis
58
what are examples of temporary cartilage joints
metaphysis, neuro-central joints, neural arch joint and chondrocranium
59
what are examples of a permanent (ampiarthrosis) synchondrosis
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
60
what type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
61
what are the characteristics of an (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bone developing by endochondral ossification.
62
which example of an (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary
symphysis menti
63
what are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
64
what generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament
intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
65
whar are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint "at rest"
66
what are the characteristics of type II articular receptors
they resemble pacinian corpuscles, located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion.
67
what are the characteristics of type III articular receptors
resemble golgi tendon organs, are present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
68
type IVa articular receptors would be present in what location
fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
69
type IVb articular receptors would be present in what location
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
70
what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane
synovial villi, artifular fat pads or haversian glands and synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
71
what is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane
aid in spreading of synovial fluid
72
what is the locatoin of a subcutaneous synovial bursa
bursa between integument and bone
73
what is the location of a subtendinous synovial bursa
bursa between a tendon or muscle and bone or cartilage
74
what are the specific function s of type A synovial cells
are phagocytic
75
what is the specific function of type B synovial cells
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
76
what is the common function of type A and type B synovial cells
formation and absorption of synovial fluid
77
what is the architecture of the largest proteoglycans
a backbone of hyaluronic acid to which core proteins are bound, chondroitin sulfates and keratin sulfates are bound to the core protein
78
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage
forms a network for water retention
79
what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties
cartilage can deform and return to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
80
what is imlied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent propery
81
identify the three theories of joint lubrication
1. weeping theory
2 boosted theory
3. boundary theory
82
describe weeping theory
implies fluid lost form cartilage joins synovial fluid to produce the viscosity of the film
83
describe boosted theory
implies water driven into cartilage results in increased viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid
84
describe boundary theory
implies that the lubricant within synovial fluid is absorbed onto the cartilage surface and is never fully removed.
85
what are the properties of synovial fluid
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
86
what substance in synovial fluid has been proposed ot be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior
hyaluronate
87
what substance of synovial fluid has been propsed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior
lubricin
88
what is a dialysate
a separation phase of blood based on unequal diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
89
what is transudate
any substance produced as a result of "sweating across" a membrane
90
what is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)
more than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint
91
what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)
the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disk or meniscus
92
what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial
(diarthrosis) hinge/ginglymus and (diarthrosis) pivot/trochoid
93
what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial
(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and (diarthrosis) saddle/sellar
94
what are the examples of synovial (diarthrosis) pivot/trochoid joints
mediam atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
95
what is the shared morphological characteristic of synovial (diarthrosis) trochoid joints
an osseous pivot point and an oseo-ligamentous ring
96
what are examples of synovial (diarthrosis) condylar or synovial (diarthrosis) bicondylar joints
temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
97
what are examples of synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joints
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpi-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
98
what are examples of synovial (diarthrosis) saddle/sellar joints
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
99
what are examples of synovial (diarthrosis) enarthrosis joints
femur-acetabulum of innominate articulation of the hip and the humorous-glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation of the shoulder
100
at what location will the common carotid artery bifurcate
the c3/c4 intervertebral disc at thge upper boarder of the thyroid cartilage
101
what are the regions/diovisions of the internal carotid artery
cervical, petrous, cavernous and cerebral
102
what is the location for the petrous part of the internal carotid arthery
carotid canal in petrous part of temporal bone
103
whaqt accompanies the cavernous division of the internal carotid artery in the middle cranial fossa
cavernous dural venous sinus
104
what branch of the cavernous division of the internal carotid artery was stressed in the text
the opthalmic artery
105
what are the segmental branches of the subclavian artery
vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery and deep cervical artery
106
what is the location of origin of the axillary artery
at the outer border of the first rib
107
what is the segmental branch of the axillary artery
supreme (highest/superior) thoracic artery
108
what branches of the thoracic descending aorta were stressed in the text
posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries
109
what parietal/dorsal branches of the abdominal descending aorta were stressed in the text
lumbar and median sacral arteries
110
what branches of the internal iliac stressed in the text
iliolumbar and lateral sacral arteries
111
what are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine
the lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
112
what are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra
the iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle) sacral artery
113
what vessels form the retromandibular (posterior facial) vein
superficial temporal and (internal) maxillary vein
114
what does the superior opthalmic vein drain into
the angular vein and the cavernous dural venous sinus
115
what will the inferior opthalmic vein drain into
the pterygoid venous plexus and the cavernous dural venous sinus
116
what will the cavernous dural venous sinus drain into
the inferior petrosal dural venous sinus and superior petrosal dural venous sinus
117
differences in the number and morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation
ontogenetic variation
118
what is the length of typical male spinal column
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
119
what is the length of a typical female spinal column
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
120
what is the length difference between a typical male and typical spinal column
about 3 inches
121
based on the number of individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements)
about 58 centimeters or 23 inches
122
how does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
123
what levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight bearing transfer
s1-s3 at the auricular surface
124
what specifically is responsible for shape and position of the human frame
comparative anterior vs posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs posterior height of the intervertebral disc
125
what organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
126
what are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra
the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions
127
what is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine
cervical-rectangular; thoracic-triangular; lumbar- reniform
128
what are the ages of appearance and the events occurring at each step in the formation of bone at the superior and inferior surface of teh vertebral body
ages 7-9 years, appearance of epiphyseal plate centers of ossification
age 12 years, formation of the epiphyseal ring
age 15 years, formation of the epiphyseal rim
129
what large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body
the basivertebral venous foramen
130
what is the semicircular region of bone attached to the back of the vertebral body called
the vertebral arch
131
what is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine
cervical-posterolateral
thoracic-posterior, slight lateral
lumbar- posterior
132
what ligament will attach to the lamina
the ligamentum flavum
133
what is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum
para-articular process
134
what classification of bone will para-articular processes represent
accessory bone
135
what is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on x-ray
shingling
136
what is the name given to the lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine
cervical-articular pillar; thoracic and lumbar-pars interarticularis
137
what is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch- spinous process on lateral x-ray
the spinolaminar junction
138
what is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine
cervical-anterolateral; thoracic-posterolateral; lumbar-lateral
139
all non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature
the costal element
140
what will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region
cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
141
what is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the prezygapophysis
the superior articular process for superior articular apophysis
142
what will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
the inferior articular process/post -zygapophysis, the superior articular process/ pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum
143
what will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen
the vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament
144
what is the method of calculation the angle of the spinous process/spinous apopyhysis
calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
145
what is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on x-ray
imbrication
146
what is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine
cervical-slight angle inferiorly
thoracic-noticeable angle inferiorly
lumbar-no inferior angle
147
what neural structures will occupy the vertebral foramen until the level of L2
the spinal cord/ spinal medulla/medulla spinalis, the proximal part of the peripheral nerve system, and the meninges
148
what is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/ vertebral column
cervical-triangular; thoracic-oval; lumbar- triangular; sacrum-triangular
149
identify the meninges of the spinal cord/ spinal medulla/ medulla spinalis and the commonly accepted meaning of each
dura mater-tough mother; arachnoid mater- spider mother; pia mater- tender or delicate mother
150
which meningeal space is now thought to be potential space, not an actual space
subdural space- between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
151
which of the content of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments
152
which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina
posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
ligamentum flavum
153
what is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space
interstitial fluid
154
what is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space
cerebrospinal fluid
155
what branch of the segmental artery supplies the vertebra and the paravertebral region
dorsospinal artery
156
which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space
osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery
157
the anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery
the vertebral artery
158
the posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery
the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
159
What is the purpose of lymphatic capillaries
Removes excess plasma protein from the interstitial space and prevent edema
160
What characteristics of lymph capillaries were stressed in the text
They begin as blind-ended sacs, have a great luminal diameter than blood capillaries, are more variable in luminal diameter than blood capillaries and are more layered in plexus arrangements than blood capillaries
161
How do the lymphatics (medium sized vessels) differ from veins
More numerous, possess more valves and anastomoses more frequently than veins
162
what are the names of the ducts of the lymphatic system
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
163
what parts of the body will the right lymphatic duct drain
the right side of the head, neck, and thoracic parietal wall, as well as the right upper extremity, right lung and convex (diaphragmatic) surface of the liver
164
what is the location and structural origin for the thoracic duct
L2 from the cisterna chyli
165
what is the cistern chyli
a triangular dilation formed from the union of the intestinal, abdominal and lumbar trunks
166
what part of the body will the thoracic duct drain
the left side of the head, neck, and thoracic parietal wall, the left upper extremity, left lung, most of the liver, the remainder of the abdominal content, all pelvic contents and both lower extremities
167
what are the lymphatic organs
lymph nodules, lymph nodes (lymph glands), spleen and thymus
168
what will form the lymph nodule
migration and proliferation of T-cells from the thymus
169
are the lymph nodules encapsulated
no
170
what forms an aggregate lymph nodule
the union of several solitary lymph nodules
171
what are examples of aggregate lymph nodules
peyers patch of the small intestine and the tonsils
172
what are the functions of lymph nodules
lymphocytopoiesis (perpetuation of the lymphocyte cell line) and to aid in the immune response
173
what are the function of lymph nodes
they primarily filter lymph but also are involved in lymphocytopoiesis and they participate in the immune response
174
as the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel
posterior medullary feeder arteries
175
what forms the arterial vasa corona above C3
right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries
176
what forms the arterial vasa corona below C6
a median anterior soinal artery, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 3 communicating arteries
177
what arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord
ventral/ central/sulcal perforating arteries
178
what arterial vasa corona branches supply about one third of the spinal cord
pial perforating arteries
179
which vessels form the venous vasa corona
right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veins
180
what is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called
filum terminale internum
181
what is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column
typically S2, the dural cul de sac
182
what is a generic cord level origin- vertebral level combination for the lumbar.lumbosarcral enlargement
L1,L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra; L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra; L5, S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra; S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra
183
what spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris
typically S4, S5, and Co1
184
in which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed
L1
185
neural tissue has been identified in what part of the film terminale
proximal part of the filum terminale internum
186
what is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum
it joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4
187
the last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram
cruciate anastomosis
188
what is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2
filum terminale externum
189
what is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges
coccygeal medullary vestige
190
what is the name given to the condition where the conus medullar is is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened
tethered cord syndrome
191
at the intervertebral foramen, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number
in the cervical spine, spinal nerves exit above the segment they are numbered after (C8 nerve is the exception to this rule). in the thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and sacrum, spinal nerves exit below the segment they are numbered after (C01 nerve is the exception to this rule). c3 nerve exits above C3 or between C2/C3; T6 nerve exits below T6 or between T6/T7
192
what is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen
the spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple i.e. T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple
193
what is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view
posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
194
what accounts for the direction fo the typical cervical curve
the intervertebral disc height
195
at which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disk height
C5/C6
196
what are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate process
197
what are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim
uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, lateral lip or uncus
198
what are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
199
what is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior groove articulation
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
200
what is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulatoin
modified synovial (diarthrosis) sellar joint
201
what is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
202
how many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body
five
203
how many joint surfaces are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body
five
204
how many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical
ten
205
how many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical
four
206
what joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical
anterior groove, posterior groove, right uncinate process, left uncinate process, spongy bone, anterior lip, posterior lip, right lateral groove, left lateral groove, spongy bone
207
what other term is used to identify the uncinate process
unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncut, lateral lip
208
what is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation
joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
209
the joint of Luschka is formed from what surfaces
the uncinate process and lateral groove
210
what muscle attaches to teh typical cervical vertebral body
the longus colli muscle
211
what is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical
posterolateral, 45 degrees
212
what ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical
ligamentum flavum
213
what joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
214
ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature
para-articular process
215
ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone
accessory bone
216
what is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra
heart-shaped or triangular
217
what soft tissue diameter mimics the outline of the typical cervical vertebral foramen
the transverse diameter of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
218
the greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at____?
C6
219
the greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with teh vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple
C5/C6
220
list, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
221
what muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra
anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransverse muscle
222
what muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra
splenius cervicis, illiocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransverse muscle
223
what muscles will attach to teh costotransverse bar
middle scalene and posterior inter transverse muscle
224
what produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions
cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
225
what is the namegiven to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
226
what is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagital plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
227
what is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process
the carotid tubercle
228
what will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
229
what is the name of the lamina-pedical junction of typical cervical vertebrae
the articular piliar
230
what is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar
the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
231
what nerve indents the articular pillar of typical cervical vertebrae
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
232
recent work suggests what angulation for a typical cervical articular facets
fifty-five to sixty degrees
233
what is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facets
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
234
what is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet
forward, lateral, down (FoLD)
235
what muscle will attach to typical cervical articular process
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators
236
what muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophysis
Semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus
237
what modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine
meniscoidal folds
238
what function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygapophyses
they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface
239
the greatest range of flexion - extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
typically C5/C6
240
what motions are coupled in the cervical spine
lateral bending and axial rotation
241
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couple
the C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
242
ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
243
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process
they are non-bifid
244
what muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators, and interspinalis
245
what ligaments will attach to the typical cervical spinous process
the interspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
246
what will form the unique anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen
the uncinate process of the segment below and lateral groove of the segment above forms the joint of Luschka
247
what forms the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve
the lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
