exam 1

Question 1

Bottleneck (genetic drift)

Answer 1

the rapid decrease in population size due to environmental changes

Question 2

What are some examples of bottleneck genetic drift

Answer 2

natural disasters, exploitation, human activities

Question 3

Founders Effect (genetic drift)

Answer 3

result of when few individuals from a large population establish a new population

Question 4

What is an example of a founder effect

Answer 4

The Amish in America have grown from few people and and tend to marry within the same community

Question 5

Gene Flow

Answer 5

when breeding individuals migrate and increase genetic variability

Question 6

What is an example of gene flow?

Answer 6

If one classroom population mates with one another while another classroom also mates with each other and then someone in both classrooms mate with each other

Question 7

What is genetic drift?

Answer 7

Random changes in allele frequency that decrease genetic variation but increase genetic differences

Question 8

What are the 2 types of genetic drift?

Answer 8

Bottleneck and Founders effect

Question 9

What is a population?

Answer 9

Individuals of the same species reproducing/living in an area

Question 10

What is microevolution?

Answer 10

small evolutionary change in allele frequency from generation to generation

Question 11

What are the 5 microevolutionary processes

Answer 11

nonrandom mating, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection

Question 12

What is a gene pool

Answer 12

The combination of all the genes and alleles present in a population that can reproduce

Question 13

Who is Charles Darwin

Answer 13

He proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Question 13

What year did Linnaues find modern taxonomy

Answer 13

1700s

Question 14

Who is Carolus Linnaues

Answer 14

He founded the idea of modern taxonomy which grouped species into groups based on shared features

Question 14

Who created the binomial nomenclature

Answer 14

Linnaeus

Question 15

Name the 8 categories of the Linaneun classification systems

Answer 15

Domain, Kingdom, Phyla, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 16

Which structure is the most inclusive and exclusive

Answer 16

Domain is The most inclusive because it groups all forms of life based on cell structure and is the most broad. The most exclusive is the species because it has the most narrow classification.

Question 17

What is the Binomial system

Answer 17

The first part is genus and the second part designates the species

Question 18

What is sexual selection

Answer 18

You are choosing a mate on colors or some other characteristic.

Question 18

What are the 3 domains recognized

Answer 18

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Question 19

what is monophyletic

Answer 19

a clade or group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all descendants

Question 19

What are the 3 types of taxonomic relationships

Answer 19

monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic

Question 20

What is a homologous structure

Answer 20

a body part or organ that shares a common ancestor but serves different functions

Question 21

What is an example of a homologous structure

Answer 21

The arm structure of a human compared to a horse

Question 22

What is an analogous structure

Answer 22

a feature found in different species that have similar functions but different origins

Question 23

What is an example of an analogous structure

Answer 23

the fins of dolphins and shark

Question 24

What is a hybrid zone

Answer 24

an overlap between recently diverged populations where interbreeding occurs to make hybrids

Question 25

What are the 3 types of hybrid zones

Answer 25

reinforcement, fusion, and stability

Question 26

What is a reinforcement zone

Answer 26

the hybrids are less fit than the parents then the species diverge til there is no more hybridization

Question 27

What is a fusion zone

Answer 27

two species become one due to weakened reproductive barriers

Question 28

What is a stability zone

Answer 28

fit hybrids continue to be produced

Question 29

What are pre and post-zygotic barriers

Answer 29

they prevent gene flow

Question 30

What is a prezygotic barrier

Answer 30

prevents zygote from forming and prevents mating and reproduction

Question 31

What are the 5 prezygotic barriers

Answer 31

temporal isolation habitat isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation

Question 32

What is temporal isolation

Answer 32

2 groups reproduce at different times of the day, season, or year

Question 33

Give me an example of temporal isolation

Answer 33

wood frogs and leopard frogs live in the same area but mate at different times of the year

Question 34

What is habitat isolation

Answer 34

organisms that are geographically close to each other but breed in a specific habitat in that area

Question 35

What is an example of habitat isolation

Answer 35

Flycatcher birds have overlapping ranges but stay in their specific part of the tree

Question 36

What is behavioral isolation

Answer 36

don't reproduce with eachother because of behaviors like mating signals

Question 37

What is an example of behavioral isolation

Answer 37

different species of fireflies use different light patterns to attract female mates

Question 38

What is mechanical isolation?

Answer 38

structural differences prevent mating, parts don't fit together

Question 39

What is an example of mechanical isolation?

Answer 39

certain bees can't fit in certain flowers to pollinate them

Question 40

What is gametic isolation

Answer 40

there is molecular or chemical difference and the egg and sperm are incompatible due to different protein receptors

Question 41

What is an example of gametic isolation

Answer 41

different species of sponges releasing gametes at the same time

Question 42

What is a postzygotic barrier

Answer 42

barrier that forms after the zygote has already formed and reduces the fitness of offspring/hybrids

Question 43

What is an example of a post-zygotic barrier

Answer 43

mules are horses and donkeys and are sterile

Question 44

What is allopatric speciation

Answer 44

when geographic isolation occurs and evolves by natural selection or genetic drift

Question 44

What is speciation

Answer 44

the evolution of a new species

Question 45

what are the types of speciation

Answer 45

allopatric and sympatric

Question 46

What is sympatric speciation

Answer 46

speciation occurs from ancestral species while in the same geographic location

Question 47

what is an example of allopatric speciation

Answer 47

squirrels on the opposite sides of the Grand Canyon are evolving differently on each side

Question 48

what is an example of sympatric speciation

Answer 48

plants

Question 49

What is reproductive fitness

Answer 49

more reproduction and the ability to produce viable offspring

Question 50

What is macroevolution

Answer 50

large-scale population change at the species level or higher

Question 51

What is artificial selection

Answer 51

human intervention in animal or plant reproduction or survival to allow any individuals with desired traits to produce

Question 52

What is genetic variation

Answer 52

the differences in DNA sequences between individuals within a species

Question 53

what are the types of genetic variation

Answer 53

Genetic polymorphism Heterozygote advantage Geographic variation

Question 54

What is genetic polymorphism

Answer 54

Differences in nucleotide sequences among a population may or may not lead to different phenotypes.

Question 55

what do genetic polymorphisms tell us

Answer 55

The greater the differences, the further back in time two species may share a common ancestor

Question 56

What is heterozygote advantage?

Answer 56

Natural selection maintains alleles that are unfavorable in the homozygous state when the heterozygote Aa has a higher degree of fitness than either homozygote AA or aa

Question 57

what is geographic variation

Answer 57

genetic differences among different populations within the same species