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Exam 1 Flashcards

Blood , heart and the vessels

1
Q

what are the major functions of the heart

A

transportation-O2/C02 , regulation- pH and protection VVC

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2
Q

What does VVC stand for

A

Volume - about 8 % 5-6L for males and 4-5 for females

Viscosity- like water when dehydrated thicker

color bright red -oxygen

Dark red -no oxygen

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3
Q

What is the blood plasma %

A

55%

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4
Q

Of the 7% of proteins in the plasma , what are the 3 proteins

A

Albumin , Globulins , and fibrinogen

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5
Q

In the blood plasma , what is the percent of everything

“the other stuff”

A

92% water , 7% protein and other solutes 1%

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6
Q

In blood , what percent is the forced elements

A

45%

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7
Q

In blood cells ( formed element) what is the majority and minority

A

RBC 99%
WBC and platelets 1%

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8
Q

Definition of hemopoiesis

A

the process of blood cells formation

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9
Q

what the two important components of hemopoiesis

A

Pluripotent stem cells and hemopoietic growth factors

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10
Q

What are the two different path for stem cells?

A

Myeloid and Lymphoid stem cells

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11
Q

Whats the difference between WBC from the myeloid stem cell vs lymphoid

A

Myeloid stem cells give rise to RBC and progenitor cells/ blast cells which form actual elements of blood WHILE lymphoid S.C give rise to lymphocytes

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12
Q

Whats an other name for Progenitor cells

A

precursor cells / blast cells

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13
Q

definition of Hematopoietic growth factors

A

regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of RBC

A

Biconcave disc and lots of production

cell membrane strong and flexible

cytoplasm - no nucleus or organelles

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15
Q

Hemoglobin contains…

A

4 heme + globin

heme pigment
globin - protein

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16
Q

Whats on the outside of RBC and what does it determine

A

Outside of RBC: Glycolipids and it determines blood type

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17
Q

the cytoplasm of RBC contain

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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18
Q

What makes blood red ?

A

Hemoglobin , protein which carries the oxygen

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19
Q

how is Hemoglobin written ?

A

Hb

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20
Q

What is the result of when Hemoglobin binds stronger to CO instead of O2

A

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

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21
Q

Hemoglobin contains ___ heme + ____

A

4
polypeptide chains globin ( noodles)

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22
Q

Another name for formation of erythrocyte

A

Erythropoiesis

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23
Q

where does Erythropoiesis occur?

A

in the red bone marrow

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24
Q

what is the main stimulus for Eryth…

A

Hypoxia

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25
what is the normal reticulocyte count ?
.5 to 1.5% of RBC
26
What is the 2nd step in erythropoiesis
Nucleus is ejected , then turns into reticulocyte and then leaves BM into blood
27
What is the first step in erythropoiesis?
In the RBM , produces Plurip. Stem cell and then a myeloid stem then a pro- erythoblast
28
What body organ is affected by low blood oxygen
Liver/ kidneys
29
What body organ is affected by low blood oxygen
Liver/ kidneys
30
In negative feedback control of RBC production, what is the name of the secretion by the liver / kidneys
Epo
31
What does epo stand for
Erythropoietin
32
In negative feedback control of RBC production, what happens next when epo is secretion
It stimulates red bone marrow and accelerates erythropeis
33
Describe the formation , structure and function of platelets
Formation TPO ( thrombopoietin) stimulates the differentiation of myeloid stem cells to become megakaryocytes function - stop blood loss and contain chemicals ( clotting Factors )
34
What is another name for Platelets ?
Thrombocyte
35
What are the types of WBC's?
Eosinophil , Basophil, neutrophil , Leukocyte , monocyte
36
Which are the 2nd most abundant WBC
Lymphocytes
37
These are 3 types of granular leukocytes Hint NEB
Neutrophils Eosinophils and Basophils
38
Which WBC is most abundant 60- 70 ?
neutrophils
39
Which WBC acts as a army in your body's defense ?
T lymphocytes
40
WBC: which of these WBC's are most likely responsible for bacterial infection
Neutrophils 60-70 %
41
WBC : this WBC is mostly used in fighting viral infection
Lymphocyte 25-33%
42
If a patient has a FUNGAL infection , they most likely have an elevated what WBC ?
Monocyte 3-8 %
43
The positive feedback for amplifying the coagulation effect takes place in....
Common pathway
44
the clotting factor that the intrinsic pathway of coagulation is released by the ....
platelets
45
the final product of the common pathway of coagulation is
Fibrin thread
46
Which **clotting factors** are involved in the extrinsic pathway of Coagulation?
Factor 3 III and factor 7 VII
47
most of the protein factors are required for clotting are synthesized by ....
liver
48
A digestive disorder that impairs a persons ability to absorb vitamin K will result in...
low levels of fibrin , low levels of prothrombin , prolonged bleeding
49
How would the removal of calicum ions from a blood sample affect coagulation
coagulation would be prevented
50
People who suffer from hemophilia A fail to produce a functional Factor 8 ( VIII) as a result...
they lack a functional intrinsic pathway
51
some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the livers ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of...
Hemorrhage
52
A moving blood clot is called a ....
thrombus
53
____ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
common pathway
54
what is the function of platelets?
adhere to collagen beneath endothelium
55
the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the....
the release of tissue factor 3 ( III) by damaged endothelium
56
areas in a vessel wall where large quantities of lipid accumulate are called ....
plaques
57
what structures anchor the chordae tendineae?
papillary muscles
58
the visceral pericardium is the same as the
epicardium
59
the coronary sulcus is a groove that....
marks the border between the atria and ventricles
60
In the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occuiped by the heart , great vessels , thymus , esophagus and trachea called the....
mediastinum
61
Whats the difference between Thrombus vs emblous
Thrombus is more stationary, abnormal in an unbroken vessel like a leg of inactive person WHILE emblous travels and blocks blood vessel pulmonary embolism
62
In common pathway, explain positive feedback
Fibrinolysis -dissolution of the clot after the repair . Plasmin can dissolve a clot by digesting fibrin threads
63
coagulation cascade (blood-clotting process) is ____ and ____ defensive against bleeding
last and most effective
64
In common feedback , positive feedback ____ speed up formation of Prothrobmin activator
thrombin
65
You would most likely see a lot of ____ in allergic reactions
Basophils
66
what % is the total amount of WBC in the blood stream
2
67
Which is the outermost layer of the heart?
Pericardium
68
What are the 3 layers of the heart starting from top to inside
Epicardium, myocardium , and endocardium
69
What is Letter M
aortic valve
70
What letter is F
Lt atrium
71
What is letter A
Coronary sulcus
72
What are the 4 valves of the heart
Tricuspid Bicuspid Pulmonary Aortic
73
What are the blood vessels associated with the valves?
Sup and INF vena cava Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary veins Aorta
74
Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves: location
Atrioven. - Tricuspid & bicuspid Semilunar- Pulmonary valve and aortic valve
75
Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves: Structure
Atrioven- two or three cusps of dense CT Semilunar- semi lunar cusps
76
Distinguish between the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves: Function
Atrioventricular- allow blood flow from atria into ventricles Semilunar - allow blood to flow into the pulmonary trunk and aorta when open and when closed prevents blood coming back
77
How does the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles help control AV valve function
papillary muscles raised bundles of cardiac muscle COntract and help CT and CT prevents AV valves from flipping inside out when contracted
78
What does AV stand for?
atrioventricular
79
Cardiac cycle =
one heart beat
80

AP2 (7 decks)

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