test 4? Flashcards by Andrew Poderis

What are the four major groups of chemical digestion

Proteins , carbohydrates , lipids and nucleic acids

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What are the 3 salivary glands

submandibular , sublingual and parotid gland

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what is letter C

liver

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what is the letter i

cecum

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what letter is g ?

ileum

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what is letter F

jejunum

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what enzyme is in the salvia to help breakdown food

amylase

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which kind of teeth are responsible for crushing and grinding ?

bicuspids or premolars

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Deglutition is

bolus from mouth to oropharynx

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gastroenterology is …

upper end of the digestive system

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what are the ways stomach does mechanical digestion by

peristalsis or churning into a mixture called chyme

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chemical ways of digestion in the stomach involves

feedback regulation,

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which of the following is not true about HCI

denatures protein
molecules, kills microbes in food, and
transforms pepsinogen into pepsin for
digestion, increase blood calcium

increase blood calcium

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what enzyme causes peptides bonds to break and requires it a different PH environment

pepsin

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what is the precursor of pepsin and regulated by HCI

pepsinogen

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the degulation DOES NOT control the movement of food _____
a. from mouth to oropharynx B. from oropharynx to the esophagus
C. from the esophagus to the stomach D . away from larynx by the covering

C from the esophagus to the stomach

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which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach
A filtration B compaction C mechanical processing D indigestion E absorption

A . filtration

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the enzyme : amylase helps digest
A complex carbs B fats C .proteins D lipids

E. nuclecic acids

A Complex carbs

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_____ are essential organs for LIPID digestion
A . Gallbladder B stomach
C liver D gallbladder
E SM intestine F salivary gland
G pancreas

Multiple answers

Liver , gallbladder and pancreas

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Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the

submucosal plexus.

serosa.

mucosa.

lamina propria.

submucosal plexus

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The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pylorus
Cardia
Fundas
Body
Atrium

Pylorus

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Functions of the stomach include all of the following, EXCEPT

storage of ingested food.

initiation of protein digestion.

absorption of triglycerides.

mechanical breakdown of food.

Absorption of triglycerides

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The first portion of the stomach that food enters is the

body.

pylorus.

cardia.

fundus.

antrum.

Cardia

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Parietal cells secrete:

mucus.

pepsinogen.

enteropeptidase.

gastrin.

hydrochloric acid.

HCl

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The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the appendix ileum. jejumum haustrum. duodenum.

Ileum

The middle segment of the small intestine is the ileum duodenum сесum pylorus. jejunum.

jejunum

**Lacteals : ** increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. produce milk secrete digestive enzymes. carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system. produce new cells tor the mucost of the small intestine

carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system

The portion of the small intestine that is attached to the pylorus of the stomach is the____ jejunum duodenum. colon fleum.

Duodenum

The exocrine portion (pancreatic juice) of the pancreas composed of triads pancreatic crypts pancreatic lobules. pancreatic acini. islets of Langerhans

pancreatic acini.

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? esophagus pancreas colon spleen

Pancreas

The pancreas produces ____

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase nucleases (DNase and RNase) lipase and amylase.

The essential functions of the liver include

Metabolic regulation and hemological regulation And bile production

The essential functions of the liver include

Metabolic regulation and hemological regulation And bile production

Bile is produced in the ___

Liver

Major regions of the large intestine include the____, _____,& ____. cecum, colon, and duodenum duodenum, ileum, and jejunum. Cecum, colon and rectum ascending colon, descending colon, and ileum

Cecum, colon and rectum

The saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the appendix. rechim. sigmoid colon. haustra cecum.

Cecum

The gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar. parotid sublingual submaxıllary vestibular submandibular

Parotid

Parietal cells secrete_____ gastrin. hydrochloric acid. mucus: pepsin. all of the above

HCI

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid rich in bile. rich in mucus. that contains only amylase. rich in bicarbonate. rich in enzymes.

Rich in enzymes

A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would: interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth result in the production of more viscous saiva eliminate the sense of taste. impair the lubricating properties of saliva

interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid_____ that contains only amylase Rich in muens rich in bile. rich in enzymes rich in bicarbonate ion

Rich in bicarbonate ions

Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen? diaphragm greater omentum mesentery proper falcitorm ligament lesser omentum

Greater omentum

When the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is formed? Glucose Metabolic water Adenosine monophosphate Adenosine diphosphate GTP

Adenosine diphosphate

Oxidation is____ the removal of protons the addition of protons the addition of electrons the removal of electrons

The removal of electrons

Which of the following is a product of glycolysis? Acetyl-COA Pyruvate Lactate Glucose Carbon dioxide

Pyruvate

Glycolysis : splits a six-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of lactic acid. splits a six-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid. forms a six-carbon glucose molecule from two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid. splits a six-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of acetyl coA. forms a six-carbon glucose molecule from two 3-carbon molecules of lactic acid.

splits a six-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.

converts one CóH1206 to two pyruvic acid molecules glycogenolysis glycolysis Kreb's cycle cell respiration

Glycolysis

This is the key regulator of the rate of glyocolysis. Phosphofructokinase Glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate ATP & FAD NADH

Phosphofructokinase

____is the molecule that enters the Krebs cycle; it is also used to synthesize fatty acids, ketone bodies, and cholesterol. acetyl-COA glucose-6-phosphate glycogen lactic acid pyruvic acid

Acetyl COA

How many reactions (steps) take place during the Krebs cycle? 4 6, 8 10 12

8 steps

Which of the following is a final product of aerobic respiration? Pyruvate Lactate Oxygen Glucose Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

The TCA cycle must turn completely metabolize the pyruvic acid produced from one glucose molecule. two five three four one

Two

Which of the following is a result of the Krebs cycle? formation of acetyl-CoA formation of pyruvate formation of carbon dioxide generation of GTP production of reduced coenzymes

Formation of carbon dioxide Production of reduced co enzymes

The Kreb's cycle, or citric acid cycle, OCcurs in the cytosol. does not produce CO2. produces ATP only at the substrate-level. leads to total 12 ATP from each pyruvic acid.

Leads to total 12 ATP from each pyruvic acid

Regarding the electron transport chain, the inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein called the energy created by". ATP. This is a process of ions moving across the membrane down their concentration gradient. cytochrome c; reduction ATP synthase; oxidation enzyme complex; proton pumping ATP synthase; H+ flow enzyme complex; reduction

ATP synthase ; H+ flow

When a large amount of H+ accumulates between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes, this describes: Proton gradient (Chemiosmosis) of ETC Glycolysis ATP synthesis Krebs cycle Proton pump of ETC

Proton gradient (Chemiosmosis) of ETC

Which of the following places the events of glucose catabolism in the correct order? glycolysis, formation of acetyl coA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain reactions glycolysis, Krebs-cycle, formation of acetyl co, electron transport chain reactions glycolysis, Krebs cycle, anaerobic respiration, electron transport chaln mactions D glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, Krebs cycle, electron tramport chain reactions formation of acetyl co, glycolysis, electron transport chain reactions

Glycolysis, formation of acetyl COA,Krebs cycle,ETC

What is 5 Nad Proton o2 H20 CO2

H20

Label 6a and 6b ATP CO2 FADH2 NADH+. H+

CO2

Which of the following regarding Glucose-6-phosphate is INCORRECT? It can be_____ used to make amino acid dephosphorylated to glucose converted to pyruvic acid used to synthesize glycogen

Used to make amino acid

The Kreb's cycle, or citric acid cycle, leads to total 12 ATP from each pyruvic acid. occurs in the cytosol. produces ATP only at the substrate-level. does not produce CO2.

Leads to total 12 ATP from each pyruvic acid

Which of the following is true concerning oxygen in regards to aerobic respiration? It directly receives electrons and protons from NAD and FAD. It is the only substrate of aerobic respiration. It directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD and FAD It transport electrons to the mitochondrion It is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

It is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

Regarding the electron transport chain, the inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein called ____ " which couples the energy created by _______"to produce ATP. This is a process of ions moving across the membrane down their concentration gradient. enzyme complex; reduction ATP synthase; H+ flow ATP synthase, oxidation enzyme complex: proton pumping cytochrome c, reduction

ATP synthase: H+ flow

Glycogenesis is stimulated by stimulated by whereas glycogenolysis is growth hormone; cortisol insulin; aldosterone growth hormone, glucagon and epinephrine growth hormone; insulin insulin; glucagon and epinephrin

insulin; glucagon and epinephrine

Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Glycogenesis Secretion of digestive enzymes Synthesis of plasma proteins Detoxification

Secretion of digestive enzymes

Which of the following are used in "metabolic crossroads"? Lipase ATP Pyruvic acid Glycogen

Pyruvic acid