Exam 1

Question 1

Genomic Variation

Answer 1

sequence differences among individuals may be associated with health and disease

Question 2

Three major categories of genomic variation?

Answer 2

• changes in single base pair (polymorphism)
• insertions and deletion of a small or a large number of base pairs
• structural rearrangements on a chromosome

Question 3

genomic medicine

Answer 3

• implementation and application of precision medicine in which prevention and intervention strategies are tailored to the individual based on analysis of genomic and cellular info. as well as info about the individual environment, activities, behaviors and social networks

Question 4

Precision PT; genetic factors are associated with

Answer 4

1. disease risk (family history studies indicate substantial familial risk for many conditions, but lifestyle interventions and behavior modifications may reduce risk)
2. severity and progression of disease
3. variation in response to exercise and rehab programs

Question 5

Social structures influencing the individual

Answer 5

individual, family, community, society

Question 6

levels of organization

Answer 6

1. atom
2. molecule
3. macromolecule
4. organelle
5. cell
6. tissue
7. organ
8. organ system
9. organism

Question 7

what is epigenetics?

Answer 7

study of how biology (internal) and environment (external) signals determine gene expression

Question 8

What is health?

Answer 8

WHO: a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing

-person’s biological, psychologic, emotional, spiritual, and sociologic state

Question 9

What influences health?

Answer 9

health is a dynamic process that varies with changes in interactions between an individual and internal and external environment

Question 10

What is disease?

Answer 10

• a biologic or psychologic alternation that results in a malfunction of a body organ or system
• describes a biomedical conditon
  Ex: elevated temp or infection

Question 11

What is illness?

Answer 11

• sickness or deviation from a healthy state
• the perception and response of person to not being well
• a person can feel very ill even tho no obvious pathological processes can be identified

Question 12

What is the difference between illness and disease?

Answer 12

disease: can occur in individual w/o person being aware of illlness and w/o perceiving illness
illness: person can feel ill with no obvious pathological processes identified

Question 13

What is acute illness?

Answer 13

• illness or disease that has a relatively rapid onset and short duration
• physical symptoms, cognitive awarenss, and emotional response
  ex: denial, fear, anxiety
• not synonymous with severe
• if no complications occur = most end in full recovery and return to previous level of functioning

Question 14

What is chronic illness?

Answer 14

• permanent impairment or disability
• residual physical or cognitive disability
• need for special rehab or long term med management
• potential decreased quality of life

Question 15

How is chronic illness modified?

Answer 15

through changes in behavior and lifestyle

Question 16

What are types of premorbid (before illness) personalities and psychologic profile?

Answer 16

1. dependent type personality
2. narcissistic
3. stoic person

Question 17

What is a dependent type of personality?

Answer 17

• may become very dependent
• ask for unusually large amts of advice or reassurance from health care specialists
• expecting attention beyond that required for degree of illness present

Question 18

What is pathology?

Answer 18

branch of medicine that investigates essential nature of diseae esp. changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease

• the structural and functional changes in the body caused by disease or trauma

Question 19

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 19

development of unhealthy conditions or disease; cellular events and reactions and other pathologic mechanisms that occur in the development of disease

Question 19

What is clinical pathology?

Answer 19

pathology applied to solution of clinical problems esp the use of lab methods in clinical diagnosis

Question 20

What is often used to describe the health status of a nation?

Answer 20

leading causes of death

Question 21

What are the stages of acute illnesses?

Answer 21

• first stage: physical symptoms (pain,short breathe)
• second stage: cognitive awareness (symptoms have meaning)
• third stage: emotional response: denial, fear, anxiety
• final: recovery or rehab

Question 22

shift from infectious disease to?

Answer 22

noncommunicable diseases such as heart attack, diabetes, cancer

Question 23

What can lead to progession of a psychologic disorder?

Answer 23

the impact of abnormal neural wiring and firing associated with repeated negative thoughts

Question 24

A narcissitic (self centered) person would?

Answer 24

concern about need to take meds or loss of ability to work

Question 25

a stoic person would?

Answer 25

indifferent to or unaffected by pain, may have difficulty admitting to being sick at all

Question 26

Factors that affect a person's psychologial reaction?

Answer 26

* extent of illness and particular symptoms that develop

Question 27

What is a common reaction to any illness?

Answer 27

fear or axiety related to loss of control over one's own body

Question 28

What is denial?

Answer 28

* an unconscious defense mechanism that allows a person to avoid painful reality * natural part of the process of dealing with illness, which culminates in acceptance

Question 29

Why is pathology important to a PT?

Answer 29

* the effects of pathological process (diseases) on the person's functional abilities and limitations * how can the person participate in his family and community

Question 30

What kind of disabilites exist?

Answer 30

* physcial disabilities * cognitive disability * military personnel and veterans

Question 31

What are executive functions?

Answer 31

* described as corticol functions involved in formulating goals and planning, initating, monitoring, and maintaining behavior

Question 32

What is complex problem solving?

Answer 32

the effective handling of new info

Question 33

What is information processing?

Answer 33

speed with which info travels from one part of brain to another

Question 34

What are memory deficits?

Answer 34

result from a failure to store or retrieve information

Question 35

What are learning disability?

Answer 35

difficulty aquiring information in specific domains in a person with normal or near normal intelligence

Question 36

Why are PT in an ideal position?

Answer 36

* reduce risk factors and prevent and treat non-communicable diseases by providing patient (the client) education, prescribing physical activity and exercise, performing manual therapy consistent with a biopsychosocial paradigm

Question 37

What is ICF framework?

Answer 37

used by WHO to classify and code info about health and provide standard language

Question 38

What social structures influencing the individual?

Answer 38

individual, family, community, society

Question 39

Matures

Answer 39

postwar depression era 1900-1946

Question 40

Baby Boomers

Answer 40

1946-1964

Question 41

Generation X

Answer 41

1965-1979

Question 42

Generation Y or Millenials

Answer 42

1980-1999

Question 43

Generation Z/ Digital Natives

Answer 43

2000-now

Question 45

senescence

Answer 45

process/condition of growing old may be result of continous cellular metabolism, cellular damage, inefficent repair systems t/o entire life span

Question 46

Antiaging theory

Answer 46

telomerase theory of aging - the shortening of telomers in the process of DNA replication during cell division determines how long a cell functions and when cellular apoptosis occurs - telomerase inhibitors may stop cancer cells

Question 47

example of program based aging

Answer 47

* gene mutation theory * genetic control theory * planned obsolescence theory focus on genetically driven not environmentally or accumulated cellular

Question 48

Example of damage based aging?

Answer 48

* alterations in DNA * forming of free radicals from oxidative processes causing damage to tissues and cells * increased cross linking tendion, bone, and muscle tissue * reducing tissue elasicity * obstructing passafe of nutirents and waste between cells environmentally induced

Question 49

Centenarians vs supercenterarians

Answer 49

The most rapid population growth occured in people older than 85 C: those who live to the age of 109 S: 110 or more

Question 50

What consitutes successful aging?

Answer 50

centenarians and supercentenarians

Question 51

What is the epigenetic clock?

Answer 51

DNA methylation

Question 52

What is the most important in impact on gene?

Answer 52

diet and nutrition