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MGT 332 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organizational behavior (OB)?

A

The study of individual
behavior and group
dynamics in
organizations

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2
Q

The study of individual behavior
and group dynamics in
organizations is ________:
A. Anthropology
B. Organizational behavior
C. Sociology
D. Management

A

B. Organizational behavior

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3
Q

Psychology is the science of
________:
A. Human behavior
B. Society
C. Human learned behavior
D. Healing or treating diseases

A

A. Human behavior

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4
Q

Anthropology vs Psychology

A

Psychology:
* Science of human behavior

Anthropology:
* Science of human learned
behavior

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5
Q

What are the interdisciplinary influences on OB?

A

Psychology, Sociology, Engineering, Anthropology, Management, and Medicine

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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT an
interdisciplinary influence on
OB?
A. Engineering
B. Medicine
C. Sociology
D. Mathematics

A

D. Mathematics

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7
Q

We will learn about the
________ concepts, approaches,
and processes of OB.
A. Team, management, and
operational
B. Individual, interpersonal, and
organizational
C. Group, organization, and
industry
D. Individual, personal, and
professional

A

B. Individual, interpersonal, and
organizational

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8
Q

What is personality?

A

A relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual’s
behavior and lends it consistency

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9
Q

What is Interactional Psychology?

A
  • Kurt Lewin
  • Behavior is a function of
    person and environment
  • B = f(P, E)
  • (1930s)
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10
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A
  • Albert Bandura
  • Person, environment, and
    behavior triadically
    reciprocally interact
  • 1980s
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11
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Nature:
* Biological approach
* Personality seen as a product of
genetics, hormones, and other
neuro-chemical reasons
* Personality is ”hard-wired” and
emerges throughout life due to
maturation

Nurture:
* Behavioral approach
* Personality seen as a product of
learning from one’s environment
* Individuals born as “blank slates”
that are filled in through life
experiences

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12
Q

Identifying Personality Traits: The Lexical Approach

A
  • “Lexical” = related to words or vocabulary
  • Process: Select all words that describe personality
  • Use statistical methods to combine words and reduce
    number of groups
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13
Q

Gordon Allport Trait Theory of Personality

A
  • Cardinal traits: These are traits that dominate an individual’s entire personality.
  • Central traits: Common traits that make up our personalities.
  • Secondary traits: These are traits that are only present under certain conditions and circumstances
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14
Q

The Big Five Personality Traits

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (emotional stability)

Made by Paul Costa & Robert McCrae

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15
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Eysenck’s model has three super-factors that are independent constructs: extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism

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16
Q

Predicting work performance with the Big Five. What is the best predictor of performance? The second best?

A

Overall Performance
* Conscientiousness is the best
predictor
* Emotional stability (neuroticism)
is the second-best predictor

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17
Q

What is a projective test?

A

A personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts

Drawbacks:
* All answers need to be individually interpreted
* Difficult to score in a standardized manner

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18
Q

Measuring Personality: Behavioral Measures

A
  • Involve observing an individual’s behavior in a controlled situation

Drawbacks:
* Can be seen as overly invasive
* The act of observing something can change it

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19
Q

Measuring Personality: Self-Report Survey

A
  • Involves an individual’s response toa series of questions

Drawbacks:
* Impression management
* Self-deception

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20
Q

Dark Triad

A

“Dark Triad” refers to a trio of negative personality traits—narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—which share some common malevolent features.

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21
Q

What is social perception? What three categories influence it?

A
  • A process of interpreting
    information about another
    person
  • Three major categories of
    characteristics influence social
    perception:
    • The perceiver
    • The target
    • The situation
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22
Q

Barriers to social perception?

A
  • Selective perception
  • Stereotype
  • First-impression error
  • Projection
  • Self-fulfilling prophecy/Pygmalion effect
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23
Q

What is Impression Management?

A
  • Process by which individuals try
    to control the impressions
    others have of them
  • Two types: Self-enhancing and other-enhancing
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24
Q

Fundamental attribution error:

A
  • Tendency to make attributions to
    internal causes when focusing on
    someone else’s behavior
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25
Self-serving bias
Tendency to attribute one’s successes to internal causes and one’s failures to external causes
26
What is attribution theory?
Explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own and others’ behavior
27
Interactional psychology says that________: A. Behavior is a function of person and environment B. Environment is a function of person and behavior C. Behavior has nothing to do with environment D. Behavior is a function of person and mood
A. Behavior is a function of person and environment
28
In which theory do person, environment, and behavior triadically reciprocally interact? A. Interactional psychology B. Trait theory C. Social cognitive theory D. Attribution theory
C. Social cognitive theory
29
Amber is often late to work and blames it on traffic. According to attribution theory, what source of responsibility is Amber blaming? A. Environmental B. Internal C. Fundamental D. External
D. External
30
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major categories of characteristics that influence social perception? A. The situation B. The impression C. The target D. The perceiver
B. The impression
31
What is an attitude?
* A psychological tendency expressed when we evaluate a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor * Includes the ABC Model
32
What is the ABC Model?
A = Affect * Physiological indicators * Verbal statements about feelings “I don’t like my boss” B = Behavioral Intent * Observed behavior * Verbal statements about intentions “I want to transfer to another department” C = Cognition * Attitude scales * Verbal statements about beliefs “I believe my boss plays favorites at work”
33
How are attitudes formed?
* Direct experience * Social learning = Attitudes learned from models (Four-step process: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation)
34
Attitudes at Work: Job Satisfaction
* Pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences
35
Attitudes at Work: Organizational Commitment
* Strength of an individual’s identification with an organization
36
Emotions vs Moods
Emotions * Mental states that include feelings, physiological changes, and the inclination to act * Short-lived and intense reactions * Have a specific and known cause Moods * Classified as positive or negative and made up of various emotions * Last longer than emotions * Do not have a specific cause
37
What is Emotional Contagion?
What is Emotional Contagion? * The dynamic process through which emotions are transferred from one person to another, either consciously or unconsciously, via nonverbal channels Three-step process: * Automatic, unconscious mimicry * Emotional feedback * Iterative “catching” of emotion
38
What is Emotional Intelligence?
* Ability to recognize and manage emotions in oneself and others * Four types of abilities: perceiving, understanding, facilitating, and regulating * Popularized in the 1990s by Dan Goleman * Extensive debate on what emotional intelligence is and isn’t
39
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB)
Behavior above and beyond the call of duty * OCB toward the organization (OCB-O) * OCB toward individuals within the organization (OCB-I)
40
Counterproductive Work Behaviors (CWB)
* Behavior that violates organizational norms and causes harm to the organization and/or employees
41
Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior (UPB)
* Behavior that violates ethical standards but that benefits the organization
42
Ethical behavior:
Involves acting in ways consistent with one’s personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society
43
Values:
* Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence
44
Types of Values: Terminal
* Influence the goals to be achieved or the end states of existence * Examples: Happiness, Equality, Wisdom, and Achievement
45
Types of Values: Instrumental
* Shape acceptable behaviors that can be used to achieve some goal or end state * Examples: Honesty, Ambition, Helpfulness, and Courage
46
* The strength of an individual’s identification with an organization is ________: A. Job satisfaction B. Organizational citizenship behavior C. Job loyalty D. Organizational commitment
D. Organizational commitment
47
Which of the following is NOT part of the attitude ABC model? A. Affect B. Communication C. Cognition D. Behavioral intent
B. Communication
48
Janet works in customer service. When a customer smiles at Janet, Janet automatically smiles back and feels a little bit happier. What is happening to Janet? A. Emotional contagion B. Surface acting C. Emotional labor D. Deep acting
A. Emotional contagion
49
________ are classified as positive or negative and made up of various emotions. A. Intentions B. Counterproductive work behaviors C. Attitudes D. Moods
D. Moods
50
Motivation
The process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior (three types: internal, external, and process)
51
Internal motivation
Focus on elements within individuals
52
External motivation
Focus on elements of the environment
53
Process motivation
Focus on interactions between individuals and their environments
54
Comparison other
Individual chosen to compare ourselves to * Creates an equity ratio between ourselves and our selected comparison other
55
Equity theory
Equity theory is a theory of motivation that suggests that employee motivation at work is driven largely by their sense of fairness. * Equity sensitive Comfortable with an equal equity ratio * Benevolent Comfortable with a lesser equity ratio * Entitled Comfortable with a greater equity ratio
56
What is expectancy theory?
Based on two key assumptions: * People expect certain outcomes of behavior and performance * People believe that there is a correlation between the effort they put in, the performance they achieve, and the outcomes they receive Contains three key constructs: * Valence = Value or importance one places on a particular reward * Expectancy = Belief that effort leads to performance * Instrumentality = Belief that performance is related to rewards
57
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
Progression hypothesis: * As one level of need is met, a person progresses to the next level need as a source of motivation * The lowest level of ungratified needs motivates behavior
58
Theory X
People naturally or inherently: * Are lazy, self-centered, and indifferent to organizational needs * Lack ambition, dislike responsibility, and prefer to be led * Are resistant to change * Are gullible and easily duped
59
Theory Y
* Organizations have caused people to become passive or resistant through bad experiences * Potential for motivation toward organizational goals is in everyone – managers must help people recognize and develop these * Essential task of management is to create conditions in which people can achieve their own goals through working toward organizational objectives
60
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Motivation Factors
* Work conditions that satisfy the need for psychological growth * Influence job satisfaction Motivation factors include: * Achievement * Recognition of achievement * Work itself * Responsibility * Advancement * Growth * Salary
61
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Hygiene Factors
Work conditions that generate dissatisfaction due to discomfort or pain * Influence job dissatisfaction Hygiene factors include: * Company policy & administration * Supervision * Interpersonal relations * Working conditions * Salary * Status * Security
62
McClelland’s Manifest Need Theory
Need for achievement, power, and affiliation Need for Achievement: * Encompasses excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties Need for Power: * Concerns the desire to influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life Need for Affiliation: * Urge to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with others
63
High Level of McClelland’s Manifest Needs
* Must win at any cost * Must be on top and receive credit
64
Low Level of McClelland’s Manifest Needs
* Fears failure * Avoids responsibility * Remains aloof * Maintains social distance
65
Which theory of motivation says that people are naturally lazy and self-centered? A. Theory X B. Maslow’s need hierarchy C. Equity theory D. Theory Y
A. Theory X
66
Which of the following is NOT a classification of motivation theories? A. Process B. Attribution C. External D. Internal
B. Attribution
67
A social exchange process approach to motivation that focuses on the interaction between the individual and the environment is: A. Equity theory B. Maslow’s need hierarchy C. Expectancy theory D. Theory X
A. Equity theory
68
Valence, expectancy, and instrumentality are all part of ________ theory of motivation. A. Need B. Equity C. Herzberg’s two-factor D. Expectancy
D. Expectancy
69

MGT 332 (3 decks)

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