Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Distress (strain)

Answer 1

Adverse psychological, physical, behavioral, and organizational consequences that may occur as a result of stress

Answer 2

Homeostatic (medical): * Stress occurs when deep emotions or environmental demands upset an individual’s homeostasis Cognitive appraisal: * Emphasizes individual’s cognitive appraisal in classifying persons or events as stressful Person-environment fit: * Confusing and conflicting expectations of a person in a social role create stress for that person Psychoanalytic: * Results from the discrepancy between one’s idealized self and one’s actual self-image

Answer 3

A predictable sequence of mind/body events: * Release of chemical messengers into the bloodstream * Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system * Trigger mind-body changes that prepare a person for fight or flight

Answer 4

Task demands: * Change * Lack of control * Career progress * New technologies * Temporal pressure Role demands: * Inter- or intra-role conflict * Person-role * Role ambiguity Interpersonal demands: * Emotional toxins * Sexual harassment * Poor leadership Physical demands: * Extreme environments * Strenuous activities * Hazardous substances * Global travel

Answer 5

Stress leads to improved performance up to an optimum point * Beyond the optimum point, stress has a detrimental effect on performance

Answer 6

* Individual distress * Organizational distress

Answer 7

* Emotional caring & nurturance * Information * Appraisal & evaluative feedback * Role modeling & guidance * Resources or acting on behalf of a person

Answer 8

* A philosophy that says people and organizations should take joint responsibility for promoting health and preventing distress and strain Stages of prevention: * Primary – Reduce, modify, or eliminate the demand causing stress * Secondary – Alter or modify the individual’s or organization’s response to a demand * Tertiary – Heal individual or organizational symptoms of distress and strain

Answer 9

“A workaholic is a person who works compulsively.” While the term generally implies that the person enjoys their work, it can also alternately imply that they simply feel compelled to do it. Meanwhile, passion is defined as, “A strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for something or about doing something.

Answer 10

A prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, consisting of: * Emotional exhaustion – feeling emotionally overextended and reaching one’s limit of emotional capabilities and empathy * Depersonalization – psychological withdrawal from relationships and development of a negative, cynical, or callous attitude * Reduced feelings of personal accomplishment – muted response to work-related victories

Answer 11

D. Individual Coping

Answer 12

C. Yes, stress leads to improved performance up to an optimum point

Answer 13

A. Primary

Answer 14

Group * Two or more people with common interests, objectives, and continuing interaction Team * Group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common mission, performance goal, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable

Answer 15

Teamwork benefits organizations Benefits to Individuals * Psychological intimacy: Emotional and psychological closeness to other team members * Integrated involvement: Closeness achieved through tasks and activities

Answer 16

* Task function: Activity directly related to the effective completion of a team’s work * Maintenance function: Activity essential to effective, satisfying interpersonal relationships within a team or group

Answer 17

* Norms of behavior = Group standards used to evaluate the behavior of members * Group cohesion = Interpersonal glue that makes group members stick together

Answer 18

* Social loafing Failure of a member to contribute personal time, effort, thoughts, or other resources * Loss of individuality Individual group member’s loss of self- awareness and its accompanying sense of accountability, inhibition, and responsibility for individual behavior

Answer 19

The five stages of group development are: Forming – Members come together and get to know each other while establishing ground rules and expectations. Storming – Conflicts and disagreements arise as individuals assert their opinions and vie for leadership. Norming – The group begins to settle into roles, resolve conflicts, and establish a cohesive working dynamic. Performing – The group operates efficiently towards goals, with high levels of collaboration and problem-solving. Adjourning – The group disbands after achieving its objectives, with members reflecting on the experience and outcomes.

Answer 20

Virtual and global

Answer 21

Advantage * Pressure within the group to conform and fit in * Domination of the group by one forceful member * Increased amount of time required to make a decision Disadvantages * More knowledge and information through the pooling of group member resources * Increased acceptance of and commitment to the decision * Greater understanding of the decision

Answer 22

A deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgement resulting from pressures within the group

Answer 23

* Devil’s advocacy A technique for preventing groupthink in which a group or individual is given the role of critic during decision making * Dialectical inquiry A debate between two opposing sets of recommendations

Answer 24

The tendency for group discussion to produce shifts toward more extreme attitudes among members * Negative: Group members initially opposed to a decision become even more against it

Answer 25

Background characteristics of the top management team predict organizational characteristics and set standards for values, competence, and ethics

Answer 26

D. Upper echelon

Answer 27

B. Social loafing

Answer 28

The ability to influence another person An exchange relationship that occurs in transactions between an agent and a target * Agent: Person using the power * Target: Recipient of attempt to use power

Answer 29

Process of affecting the thoughts, behaviors, and feelings of another person

Answer 30

Right to influence another person

Answer 31

Range in which attempts to influence a person will be perceived as legitimate and acted on without a great deal of thought

Answer 32

Reward power: * Based on an agent’s ability to control rewards that a target wants Coercive power: * Based on an agent’s ability to cause an unpleasant experience or a target Legitimate power: * Based on position and mutual agreement Referent power: * Based on interpersonal attraction Expert power: * Exists when an agent has specialized knowledge or skills that the target needs

Answer 33

Control of critical resources: * One group controls a resource desired by another group Strategic contingencies: * Activities that other groups depend on in order to complete their tasks

Answer 34

The ability to get things done through favorable interpersonal relationships outside formally prescribed organizational mechanisms

Answer 35

Organizational politics: * Use of power and influence in organizations Political behavior: * Actions not officially sanctioned by an organization that are taken to influence others in order to meet one’s personal goals

Answer 36

Access to and control over important information (ex: executive assistant)

Answer 37

Negative power used for personal gain (ex: sexual harassment, insider trading, Ponzi schemes, unpaid overtime)

Answer 38

Positive power used to create motivation or to accomplish group goals

Answer 39

Kanter's theory of organizational power states that power is the ability to get things done (to help others!) * Ability to intercede for someone in trouble * Ability to get placements for favored employees * Exceeding budget limitations * Procuring above-average raises for employee

Answer 40

- Furniture to show who is boss - Time power: using representations of time - Standing by: requiring others to be constantly available

Answer 41

The ability to influence another person - Influence = Process of affecting the thoughts, behaviors, and feelings of another person

Answer 42

The person uses demands, threats, or intimidation to convince you to comply with a request or to support a proposal

Answer 43

The person seeks to persuade you that the request is approved by higher management or appeals to higher management for assistance in gaining your compliance with the request.

Answer 44

The person makes an explicit or implicit promise that you will receive rewards or tangible benefits if you comply with a request or support a proposal, or reminds you of a prior favor to be reciprocated.

Answer 45

The person seeks the aid of others to persuade you to do something or uses the support of others as an argument for you to agree also - "All the other supervisors agree with me.”

Answer 46

The person seeks to get you in a good mood or to think favorably of them before asking you to do something. * “Only you can do this job right.”

Answer 47

The person uses logical arguments and factual evidence to persuade you that a proposal or request is viable and likely to result in the attainment of task objectives. * “This new procedure will save us $150,000 in overhead.”

Answer 48

The person makes an emotional request or proposal that arouses enthusiasm by appealing to your values and ideals or by increasing your confidence that you can do it. * “Being environmentally conscious is the right thing.” * “Getting that account will be tough, but I know you can do it.”

Answer 49

The person seeks your participation in making a decision or planning how to implement a proposed policy, strategy, or change. “What do you think we can do to make our workers less fearful of the new robots on the production line?”

Answer 50

Commitment [positive & active]: * Endorsing and becoming an actively involved participant as a result of the influence attempt Compliance [positive & passive]: * Going along with what the influencer wants without being personally committed

Answer 51

Active resistance [negative & active]: * Rejecting the influence attempt and actively trying to stop the influencer from doing what he or she is trying to do, or trying to change the influencer’s attitudes Passive resistance [negative & passive]: * Rejecting the influence attempt but not getting in the way of what the influencer is trying to do

Answer 52

D. Political

Answer 53

D. Information

Answer 54

C. Extraversion

Exam 2 Flashcards

(82 cards)