Exam 1 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Lifelong, Multidimensional, Multidirectional, Plastic, and Shaped by Historical/Cultural Context
A
Principles of the Lifespan Perspective
2
Q
Changing continuously from conception to death and development occurs at every stage
A
Lifelong
3
Q
the biopsychosocial process and has multiple causes
A
Multidimensional
4
Q
physical/genetic makeup and factors associated with aging
A
Biological
5
Q
Intrapersonal factors like cognition, emotions, and personality
A
psychological
6
Q
interpersonal factors like roles/relationships/social structures
A
Social
7
Q
Showing both gains and losses at every stage of the lifespan
A
Multidirectional
8
Q
One function may allow us to compensate
A
Gain
9
Q
one function may allow us to grow into another function
A
losses
10
Q
theory that describes how we deal with losses due to aging
A
Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Theory
11
Q
flexibility in growth and decline
A
Plastic
12
Q
year/time period in which someone was born
A
cohort
12
Q
what are examples of being shaped by historical and cultural contexts
A
covid, social media, laws
13
Q
year/time period where something happened
A
period
14
Q
one’s physical condition and physical appearance changes
A
biological age
15
Q
maturity, memory, attention, personality, and ability to control behavior
A
psychological age
16
Q
expected roles a person takes on
A
sociocultural age
17
Q
what does confound means?
A
confusing one thing with another
18
Q
3 types of developmental designs
A
longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential
19
Q
data is gathered over a period of time with same cohort of people as they grow older,
age is confounded with period
A
longitudinal design
20
Q
data is gathered at one time from groups of participants who represent different age groups, age is confounded with cohort
A
cross-sectional
21
Q
combines cross-sectional and longitudinal studies and follows different cohorts of people across time
A
sequential design
22
Q
people tend to recognize how much they change from the past but miss-predict their future changes
A
end of history illusion
23
Q
normative changes that are gradual, shared, and inevitable as people grow older
A
primary aging
24
physical changes that increase with age with disease processes
secondary aging
25
theories on primary aging
limits on cell division (telomeres) and oxidative stress damage,
26
Structural changes in the eye
aging vision
27
transparent structure in the eye that focuses light rays on the receptors in the retina; helps focus and create a clear image
Lens
28
Lens: gradually ____ and ____ with age
thickens; yellow
29
When does age related changes typically become noticeable in the lens of your eye?
in your 40s
30
Structure at the back of the eye that contains the receptor
Retina
31
What structure only gets about 1/3 of the light through the lens at age ___?
retina; 60s
32
Consequences of structural changes in the eye?
Presbyopia and night vision difficulties
33
What is Presbyopia?
Farsightedness
34
Condition caused by loss of elasticity in the lends, resulting in the inability to focus sharply on nearby objects
Presbyopia
35
What does it mean when the pupil of the eye has difficulty adjusting to changes in the amount of available light?
You start having problems with seeing at night/in the dark
36
What are the main 3 secondary aging vision diseases?
Cataracts, Glaucoma, and Macular Degeneration
37
Visual disorder characterized by gradual clouding of the lens; starts in central vision
Cataracts
38
Buildup of pressure inside the eye that can lead to blindness; starts in peripheral vision
Glaucoma
39
The retina causing central vision loss; starts in central vision
Macular Degeneration
40
What are some "age friendly" visual environments?
high illumination + low glare surfaces
high contrast on appliance controls
larger fonts and screens
low clutter and clearer paths
41
Funnels sound waves to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Auditory Canal
42
What can result in conductive hearing loss?
wax build up in the auditory canal
43
What is a consequence of structural changes in the ear?
Presbycusis
44
Age related hearing loss that results in impaired ability to hear high-pitched tones
Presbycusis
45
Causes of Presbycusis
Sensory: destruction of receptor cells
Neural: loss of auditory neurons
Metabolic: fewer nutrients reach receptors
Mechanical: reduced vibration of inner ear structures
46
What are the two types of hearing aids?
Analog and Digital
47
Hearing aid that is a "blunt instrument" and amplifies all sounds, speaking, and background noise
Analog
48
Hearing aid that uses directional microphones and can be programmed for different listening situations
Digital
49
Which hearing aid cost less?
Analog
50
What are cochlear ear plants for?
For patients with total hearing loss
51
What are some "age friendly" hearing environment suggestions?
Reducing background noise, including visual cues, technology adaptations like closed captioning
52
When does bone loss begin?
late 30s
53
When is skeletal maturity?
around age 18
54
Who show greater bone loss in cisgender people?
women
55
Bones becoming thinner and more porous due to loss of minerals stored in the bones
Osteoporosis
56
Women are how much more likely than men to get osteoporosis?
4 times
57
What does osteoporosis cause?
broken bones that are hard to heal, loss in height, or curvature of the spine
58
What is the screening for osteoporosis and what age should women start getting them?
bone density scan (DEXA); age 65
59
What is the treatment for osteoporosis?
weight-bearing exercise, drug treatment, and protecting bones with calcium and vitamin D
60
Loss of cartilage that protects the bones at the joint
Osteoarthritis
61
What percent of people over 65 have osteoarthritis?
34%
62
Treatments for osteoarthritis?
anti-inflammatory medicine, balance of rest/exercise, and weight management
63
Why does muscle mass and strength decrease with age?
number of muscle fibers decrease and muscles lose the ability to contract as quickly
64
Where does the loss of muscle mass and strength happen first?
lower half of the body
65
What types of exercise can help rebuild muscle mass and strength?
resistance training, stretching
66
Two types of disability
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
67
What are ADLs?
basic tasks like bathing and getting dressed
68
What are IADLs?
Complex tasks like preparing a meal or managing one's finances
69
Declining fertility and hormone production that occurs in everyone
Climacteric
70
When menstrual cycles become irregular and develops some symptoms
Perimenopause
71
Occurs one year after the last menstrual cycle
Menopause
72
When does fertility decrease in women?
around 35; pregnancy can still be possible until menopause though
73
When does fertility decline in men?
around 40; they can maintain fertility throughout life though
74
What are the stages of sexual ability and do sexual responses get higher or lower in older men/women?
excitement -> plateau -> orgasm -> resolution;
lower
75
inability for a man to have an erection for sexual performance
Erectile dysfunction (ED)
76
is erectile dysfunction a primary or secondary aging problem?
secondary
77
The lack of what can cause erectile dysfunction?
Cyclic GMP
78
What can the effects of menopause cause?
vaginal dryness or reduced ability to lubricate when aroused
79
When women take estrogen/progestin at menopause to help alleviate symptoms of menopause
Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
80
What can MHT increase the risk of in women older than 65?
Breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers
81
The oldest age to which any individual of a species lives
Maximum Longevity
82
What is the maximum age for humans?
120
83
The age at which half of the individuals who are born in a particular year will have died
Average Longevity or Life Expectancy
84
Child born has a current Life Expectancy at BIRTH is __?
77.5
85
Current Life Expectancy at age 65 is __ around age __?
18.9; 83.9
86
Living to advanced old age while remaining healthy and living large independently
Active Life Expectancy
87
Living a long time while depending on others or the healthcare system for significant assistance
Depended Life Expectancy
88
Influences on Longevity
Genetics (25%) and Environmental Factors
89
What are some environmental factors that influence how long someone lives?
access to healthcare/food, long-term stress, pollution, income, discrimination and bias, resilience, rural vs urban living, neighborhood, safe housing and transportation, education opportunities
90
Leading Cause of Death 2020-2023
1st is heart disease
2nd is Cancer
3rd is accidents (accidental overdose)
10th is Covid-19 in 2023
91
Primary change in the cardiovascular system and disease where the circulatory system becomes slower to respond?
Heart Disease
92
With heart disease, the heart muscle becomes ___ and ___ supple?
thicker; less
93
Buildup of plaque in arteries or blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
94
What are the kinds of secondary aging diseases in the cardiovascular system?
Chronic and Acute
95
What are the two chronic cardiovascular diseases?
Congestive heart failure, hypertension
96
Acute cardiovascular diseases
Heart attack and Stroke
97
Cardiac output and ability of the heart to contract severely decline
Congestive heart failure
98
High blood pressure
Hypertension
99
Blockage in coronary artery that restricts or cut off the blood supply to heart
Heart attack
100
Blockage of artery in the brain that restricts or cut off blood supply
Stroke
101
Pain in chest, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, jaw/neck/back pain, discomfort or pain in the arm/shoulder, shortness of breath
Warning signs for heart attack
102
BE FAST:
unstable balance, decrease in vision, droop in the face, arm drooping down when raising arm, look at the time to tell medical personnel
Warning signs for a Stroke
