Exam 2

Question 1

Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination towards others or oneself based on age

Answer 1

Ageism

Question 2

socially shared beliefs about characteristics and behaviors of a particular social group

Answer 2

stereotypes

Question 3

active endorsement of/agreement with cultural stereotypes

Answer 3

prejudice

Question 4

when prejudices lead to overt behaviors that somehow limit the stereotyped group

Answer 4

discrimination

Question 5

What is this an example of?

not hiring someone because they are “overqualified” or “lack energy”

Answer 5

discrimination

Question 6

What is this an example of?

our culture views older people as unattractive

Answer 6

stereotype

Question 7

What is this an example of?

young people are so lazy

Answer 7

prejudice

Question 8

Why is ageism tough to eliminate?

Answer 8

we learn age-based stereotypes when we are young

Question 9

When people who are members of a stereotyped group internalize them and use it to guide their own behavior

Answer 9

self-stereotyping OR self stigma

Question 10

Agist beliefs are associated with ___ outcomes in older adulthood

Answer 10

poor

Question 11

becoming internalized across the lifespan, operating unconsciously, gaining salience by becoming self-relevant, and using multiple cognitive pathways

Answer 11

Stereotype Embodiment Theory

Question 12

Stereotype activations tends to be what?

Answer 12

strong, automatic, unconscious

Question 13

stereotypes about aging tend to influence how we perceive the competence of older adults

Answer 13

perceived competence

Question 14

What is a common stereotype with groups of low social class?

Answer 14

older adults viewed as “warm but incompetent”

Question 15

memory of cognitive failures in older people being judged more harshly than the same failure in younger people

Answer 15

age-based double standard

Question 16

Four stereotype content model attributes

Answer 16

high warmth/low competence

high warmth/high competence

low warmth/low competence

low warmth/high competence

Question 17

combating ageism interventions are more effective when ____ and ____ is combined

Answer 17

education and contact

Question 18

What cognitive age-related brain changes are linked to secondary processes?

Answer 18

Stroke and white matter changes

Question 19

When are age-related brain changes considered a disease process?

Answer 19

If a person’s ability to do ADLs/IADLs that it impairs their performance

Question 20

What are 3 brain changes that typically happen?

Answer 20

reduction in # of synapse, reduction in characteristics of dendrites, and reduction of neurons and connections between neurons

Question 21

What does the white matter contain?

Answer 21

axons of neurons that connect different cortical areas

Question 22

How can you tell the white matter on an MRI?

Answer 22

Hyperintensities to indicate degradation

Question 23

White matter hyperintensities are more likely and severe in people with what?

Answer 23

cardiovascular risks

Question 24

what neurotransmitters are involved in cognitive, motivational, and motor function?

Answer 24

dopamine

Question 25

what neurotransmitter is involved in cognitive function?

Answer 25

acetylcholine

Question 26

What neurotransmitter is involved in memory and sleep?

Answer 26

Serotonin

Question 27

Decreasing volume of frontal cortex

Answer 27

gray matter

Question 28

Gray matter may be related to decreases in the efficiency of what neurotransmitter?

Answer 28

dopamine

Question 29

What may increase vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease?

Answer 29

decreased volume of the hippocampus

Question 30

taking information in from the outside world through input devices

Answer 30

information processing model

Question 31

working memory capacity shrinks

Answer 31

when you age

Question 32

cognitive processes that require working memory become more what?

Answer 32

difficult

Question 33

places minimal demands on attention and occurs without awareness

Answer 33

automatic processing

Question 34

requires all of the available attentional capacity and engages in executive function

Answer 34

effortful processing

Question 35

aging tends to ____ automatic processing and _____ effortful processing

Answer 35

spare; impair

Question 36

humans rely more on what type of processing?

Answer 36

automatic

Question 37

involved knowledge that is available to conscious awareness and can be accessed by recall or recognition tests

Answer 37

Explicit/declarative memory

Question 38

pulling a piece of information from your mind without any hints or cues

Answer 38

recall tests

Question 39

type of explicit memory that involves information that is not tied to a specific time and place

Answer 39

semantic memory

Question 40

type of explicit memory that involved event information and is tied to a specific time and place

Answer 40

episodic memory

Question 41

during encoding, older adults show more difficulties in _____ multiple pieces of information into a single 'unit' of memory

Answer 41

binding (deficit)

Question 42

repeated, similar events make it difficult to sufficiently distinguish among different occurrences

Answer 42

interference with episodic memory

Question 43

mental processes that aren't available to conscious awareness

Answer 43

implicit memory

Question 44

non-verbal learned skills that typically involve motor systems

Answer 44

procedural memory

Question 45

normal aging does not typically impact what?

Answer 45

non-declarative/explicit memory

Question 46

a family of diseases involving permanent damage to the brain, which causes cognitive and behavioral impairments

Answer 46

Dementia

Question 47

most common type of dementia

Answer 47

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 48

made of collapsed protein tau, and found inside nerve cells

Answer 48

tangles

Question 49

made of beta-amyloid, abnormal bits of protein and found outside of nerve cells

Answer 49

plaques

Question 50

dementia disease progression

Answer 50

asymptomatic, mild cognitive impairment, mild dementia, moderate dementia, to severe dementia

Question 51

concern of change in cognition over time, impairment in one or more cognitive domain, and preservation of independent functioning/not demented

Answer 51

MCI/Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

Question 52

slow onset, clear history of worsening of symptoms, cognitive deficits in memory or language, visuospatial abilities and executive function

Answer 52

Alzheimer's Disease/Major Neurocognitive Disorder

Question 53

poor judgement and decision making, inability to manage a budget, losing track of date/season, difficulty in conversation, and misplacing things

Answer 53

Signs of Alzheimer's and Dementia

Question 54

making bad decision once in a while, missing a monthly payment, forgetting the day and remembering it later, sometimes forgetting which word to use, and losing things from time to time

Answer 54

Typical age-related changes

Question 55

not enough physical activity, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol use, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, depression, and hearing loss

Answer 55

Risks related to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Question 56

drugs to treat cognitive symptoms of dementia

Answer 56

cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate regulators

Question 57

anti-amyloid drugs that help clear plaques from the brain in people with mild AD

Answer 57

Donanemab and Lecanemab

Question 58

the efficiency of various cognitive processes that work together behind the scenes to process information

Answer 58

construct of intelligence

Question 59

score on an intelligence test that reflect general intellectual capacity

Answer 59

intelligence quotient and measurement

Question 60

which type of intelligence declines earlier?

Answer 60

fluid intelligence

Question 61

a way of thinking about real-world problems

Answer 61

post formal reasoning

Question 62

there is always a single right answer to a problem

Answer 62

pre reflective reasoning

Question 63

there is never a right answer to a problem, everyone has to decide for themselves

Answer 63

quasi-reflective reasoning

Question 64

some answers are better than others, but which is better depends on the context

Answer 64

reflective reasoning

Question 65

cognitive screening tool appropriate for detecting mild cognitive impairment

Answer 65

montreal cognitive assessment