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BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Three strategies of homeostasis

A

Conformers
Regulators
Avoiders

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2
Q

Four phenotypes levels that carry out homeostasis processes

A

Behavior
Physiology
Morphology
Biochemistry

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3
Q

What strategy of homeostasis do large animals typically exhibit and why?

A

Regulation, it is easier for them to hold onto heat

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4
Q

What strategy of homeostasis are animals with exoskeleton typically better at and why?

A

Regulation, the exoskeleton is impermeable

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5
Q

What strategies of homeostasis do plants typically exhibit and why

A

Conformity and avoidance

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6
Q

What are exaptations?

A

Non adaptive traits that become adaptive

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7
Q

What populations are more likely to undergo nonadaptive evolution and why?

A

small populations, they are victims of probability

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8
Q

What are four causes of nonadaptive evolution?

A

Stochastic environments, genetic drift, pleiotropy, and linkage disequilibrium

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9
Q

What are stochastic environments?

A

Environment subject to unpredictable changes due to probability

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10
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

random loss in allele frequency that reduces genetic variation

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11
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

The ability of a gene to produce multiple phenotypes

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12
Q

What is linkage disequilibrium?

A

Certain alleles in different locations on chromosome are associated and inherited together

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13
Q

What is a reaction norm?

A

A spectrum of phenotypes induced by different environments

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14
Q

What are canalized traits?

A

intermediate traits that become fixed by stabilizing selection

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15
Q

What are polymorphic traits?

A

A trait with multiple favorable morphs

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16
Q

What is an allosteric effect?

A

When a ligand binds to an enzyme to inhibit or encourage function

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17
Q

What are activators in reference to the cell?

A

proteins that bind upstream to DNA promoter region to trigger gene expression

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18
Q

What are repressors in reference to the cell?

A

proteins that bind to the DNA operator and prevent gene expression

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19
Q

What are enhancers in reference to the cell?

A

proteins that increase the rate of gene expression

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20
Q

How does recombination cause evolution?

A

Typically an equal exchange of chromosomes parts but is sometimes unequal, thus altering genome

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21
Q

What are the four levels of cell physiology?

A

Membranes, epithelia, enzyme function, and cell signaling

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22
Q

How do unsaturated tails impact membranes?

A

increase fluidity

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23
Q

What are the three major parts of epithelia?

A

Apical cells, basal cells, and basement membrane

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24
Q

What do apical cells do?

A

Perform the function for the organ membrane they are apart of

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25
What do basal cells do?
Line the epithelial tissue and hold it together
26
What does the basement membrane do?
Connect epithelial cells to underlying tissue
27
What are tight junctions?
An impermeable seal between cells with a fluid filled cavity between them
28
What are desmosomes?
Permeable joining of cells where cadherin strings attach their cytoskeletons
29
What are gap junctions?
Gap between cells with a transfer of molecule between them using connexons
30
What is Vmax?
The saturation point of an enzyme where all active sites are being used
31
What is Km?
A substrate's affinity for an enzyme, the halfway point to Vmax
32
What is Kcat?
Catalytic effectiveness or how fast the enzyme burns through substrate
33
What does a low Km mean?
less substrate is needed to reach max velocity
34
What are isoenzymes?
Proteins with many variants in a single species
35
What are interspecific homologs?
Variants of a protein coded for by homologous genes
36
What are constitutive enzymes?
enzymes that are always present as baseline levels
37
What are inducible enzymes?
enzymes produced due to stress from environment
38
What are ligand-gated receptors?
double as a receptor and channel in membrane
39
What are G-protein coupled receptors?
extracellular signal triggers receptor to release second signal
40
What are intracellular receptors?
Receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus
41
What is polyphenism?
When developmental pathways are triggered by environmental factors
42
What are the 3 forms of essential nutrients?
Polysaccharides, proteins, and triglycerides
43
What is the targeting feeding strategy?
Adaptations are used for prey selection and capture
44
What is the suspension feeding strategy?
Significantly smaller organisms suspended in fluid are targeting for consumption
45
What do 3 things do bacteria in the Rumen do?
Digest structural proteins and fatty acid chains Synthesize B vitamins and essential amino acids Recycle nitrogenous waste
46
What are the four forms of physiological work?
Chemical energy Electrical energy Mechanical energy Heat energy
47
What is the only step where energy is maintained in the body?
Biosynthesis
48
How does heart rate change with body size?
Smaller body size → faster heart rate
49
How does heart size change with body size?
Larger body size → larger heart
50
How does lung change with body size?
Larger body size → larger lungs
51
How does respiration rate change with body size?
Smaller body size → faster respiration rate
52
How does metabolic rate change with body size?
Decreases with body size, decreases slower as body sizes are larger
53
What are poikilotherms?
Organisms that source heat from the environment
54
What are endotherms?
organisms that source heat from themselves
55
What is temporal heterothermy?
Body temp changes relative to the time of year or day
56
What is spatial heterothermy?
Heat is generated in specific parts of the body
57
What does eurythermal mean?
Can withstand a broad range of temps
58
What does stenothermal mean?
Can withstand only a small temp range
59
How poikilotherms mostly thermoregulate?
behavioral mechanisms
60
How are acute thermal responses performed?
increasing metabolic rate with body temp changes
61
How is Q10 used to compare acute thermal responses?
Q10 is how many times the metabolic rate is increased based on a 10 degree temp difference
62
How are chronic thermal responses carried out?
Acclimation causes metabolic responses to compensate for environment
63
How are evolutionary thermal responses carried out?
Utilizing enzymes that can exist at certain temperatures and work well
64
What two strategies do poikilotherms employ to prevent freezing?
Supercooling and antifreeze compounds
65
What two strategies poikilotherms and other organisms tolerate freezing?
Concentrate solutes in cells to prevent freezing and allow interstitial fluid to freeze Produce ice nucleating compounds in interstitial fluid so only it freezes
66
What are colligative antifreeze compounds?
reduces feezing point by concentration
67
What are non colligative antifreeze compounds?
reduces freezing point by disrupting ice crystal formation
68
What is the thermal neutral zone?
Range of ambient temps where homeotherm basal metabolic rate is constant
69
What is the lower-critical temperature?
Lowest ambient temperature of the thermal neutral zone
70
What is the upper-critical temperature?
Highest ambient temperature of the thermal neutral zone
71
What four strategies do homeotherms employ when they are under the lower-critical temperature?
Insulation, shivering thermogenesis, non shivering thermogenesis, and spatial heterothermy
72
What is nonshivering thermogenesis?
Brown fat is burned and the H+ protons produced are sent through uncoupled protein (thermogenine) which produces only heat
73
What is spatial heterothermy?
Appendages stay cool because they are more exposed so counter current exchange warms blood in the appendages before it returns to the heart?
74
What three strategies do heterotherms employ when they are above the upper-critical temperature?
evaporative cooling, body temperature cycling, and brain cooling
75
How does brain cooling work?
Arteries carry hot blood through capillaries in the sinuses to cool the blood down before it returns to the brain

BIOL 446 Physiological Ecology (8 decks)

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