Exam 2: Hormone Physiology

Question 2

How does nervous system signaling differ from endocrine signaling?

Answer 2

It is rapid and signals are precisely targetted

Question 3

How does endocrine signaling differ from nervous system signaling?

Answer 3

It is slow, long lasting, and not directly targeted

Question 4

What are steroids hormones synthesized from?

Answer 4

Cholesterol

Question 5

What type of solubility do steroid hormones exhibit?

Answer 5

Lipid soluble, not water soluble

Question 6

How do steroid hormones move throughout the blood?

Answer 6

They bind to transport proteins

Question 7

What are three kinds of steroid hormones?

Answer 7

Sex hormones, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids

Question 8

What do glucocorticoids do?

Answer 8

Facilitate glucose cycling from glands

Question 9

What do mineralocortocoids do?

Answer 9

Help regulate mineral homeostasis

Question 10

What are peptide hormones synthesized from?

Answer 10

Amino acids

Question 11

What kind of solubility do peptide hormones exhibit?

Answer 11

Water soluble

Question 12

What are the largest hormones?

Answer 12

Peptide hormones

Question 13

What are preprohormones?

Answer 13

Protein precursors to hormones

Question 14

Which hormones have the shortest half life?

Answer 14

Peptide hormones

Question 15

What are amine hormones synthesized from?

Answer 15

Amino acids

Question 16

How large are amine hormones compared to peptide hormones?

Answer 16

They are smaller than peptide hormones

Question 17

What are a large portion of amine hormones derived from?

Answer 17

Tyrosine

Question 18

What solubility do amine hormones exhibit?

Answer 18

They can be water soluble or lipid soluble

Question 19

What kind of hormones are thyroid hormones?

Answer 19

Amine hormones

Question 20

What kind of hormones do intracellular receptors interact with?

Answer 20

Small, lipid-soluble hormones

Question 21

What kind of hormones do membrane receptors interact with?

Answer 21

Water soluble hormones

Question 22

How do membrane receptors work?

Answer 22

Hormone interacts with receptor and starts a G-protein signal cascade

Question 23

How do intracellular receptors work?

Answer 23

Hormones interacts with transport protein to cross cell membrane influence structures within the cd,,

Question 24

What controls hormone secretion?

Answer 24

Neural control

Question 25

What part of the pituitary gland is a true endocrine gland and secretes hormones?

Answer 25

Anterior pituitary

Question 26

What part of the pituitary gland is a true endocrine gland and secretes hormones?

Answer 26

Anterior pituitary

Question 27

What part of the pituitary gland contains capillaries to bring secreted hormones to blood steam?

Answer 27

Posterior pituitary

Question 28

What is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?

Answer 28

A system of neurons and capillaries that carries hormones from hypothalamus to the pituitary

Question 29

What does HPA stand for in the HPA axis?

Answer 29

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 30

What nervous system triggers HPA axis?

Answer 30

autonomic nervous system

Question 31

What is the order of hormone secretion in the HPA axis?

Answer 31

Hypothalamus sends hormones to the anterior pituitary which sends another hormone signal to the adrenal cortex which secretes cortisol

Question 32

Why does the HPA axis trigger cortisol secretion?

Answer 32

Because cortisol upregulates glucose metabolism for quick energy

Question 33

What stress responses in the body are produced by the HPA axis?

Answer 33

Increases: heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation and catabolic pressure Decreases: digestion, excretion, and anabolic processes

Question 34

What is phase 1 of the HPA axis

Answer 34

Activation of the hypothalamus and adrenal medulla by the sympathetic nervous system

Question 35

What are catecholamines?

Answer 35

Neurotransmitters/hormones that contribute to increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate

Question 36

What is the purpose of ADH in the HPA axis?

Answer 36

To help the body retain water

Question 37

What occurs during phase 2 of the HPA axis?

Answer 37

The axis is at full capacity and glucocorticoids are in high production, like cortisol

Question 38

Why is it bad if cortisol levels remain high for an extended period of time?

Answer 38

Cortisol encourages the body to use up tissue and necessary materials to make glucose

Question 39

Why does water need to be retained during HPA axis activation?

Answer 39

To make up for water lost exerting work to get away from the threat

Question 40

How is the HPA axis shut off?

Answer 40

Cortisol performs negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary, preventing them from further triggering cortisol expression in adrenal glands

Question 41

What is the purpose of insulin?

Answer 41

To stimulate nutrient storage in resting muscle and adipose tissue

Question 42

What is insulin production regulated by?

Answer 42

Parasympathetic nervous system, amino acids, and blood glucose levels

Question 43

What are GLUT proteins?

Answer 43

Insulin receptors located in the membrane of cell that opens GLUT4 channels to allow glucose to enter the cell

Question 44

What is the main organ responsible for regulating cell metabolism (insulin production)?

Answer 44

Pancreas

Question 45

What processes does insulin promote?

Answer 45

Glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis from glucose

Question 46

What does processes does glucagon promote?

Answer 46

Glycogenesis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis -> making of glucose (opposite of insulin)

Question 47

What is glycogenolysis

Answer 47

Break down of glyocgen into glucose

Question 48

What is lipolysis?

Answer 48

Breaking down fats into glucose

Question 49

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 49

When the liver makes glucose from anything available

Question 50

What is glucagon production promoted by?

Answer 50

high protein meals or periods of fasting