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Insect Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Insects are considered a…

A

Keystone species

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2
Q

Keystone speices

A

Species in which their presence is crucial AND important to the rest of the community

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3
Q

99% of insect relationship are…

A

Beneficial (mass amount of insects compared to any other organism in a ecosystem)

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4
Q

Pollination

A

Plants are depended on pollinators– attracting them in many different ways

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5
Q

Ants and seed dispersal

A

Ants are attracted to elaisome (fatty structure that attaches seeds) and then feeds on seed

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6
Q

Phytophagy

A

Seed feeding

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7
Q

In energy flow, insects can serve as…

A

Primary and secondary consumers, detritrvores (decomposers) and prey

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8
Q

Insects regarding nutrient cycling are…

A

Very important– insects convert organic debris into fine material that can be further processed

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9
Q

A small percent of insects directly interact with…

A

Man. Less that 1% interact directly with humans (ex: competition)

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10
Q

Insect competition with food reasources

A

Insects directly compete with humans for food, insects consume 33% of agriculture resources while spreading plant diease

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11
Q

Insect induced famines

A

Reduction of food production can be a major constraint for human growth– insects are even able to develop resistance to pesticides

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12
Q

Insect dieases on humans

A

Bubonic plague (fleas), malaria (mosquitos), sleeping sickness (tsetse fly), typhus (lice), etc

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13
Q

Insect impacts to non-food related argiculture

A

Insects can harm reasource production. Cotton– boll weevil, wood– wood borer, carpenter bees

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14
Q

Animal taxonomy is based on…

A

Relation and grouping of traits such as morphology and behaviors– modified as more is learned

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15
Q

Taxonomy in order:

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Sub-Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species

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16
Q

Plural of genus is…

A

Genera

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17
Q

Insects are classified as a…

A

Class Insecta, Phylum Arthropoda

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18
Q

Phylum arthropoda meaning

A

“Arthron”-joint, “podos”- foot/leg

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19
Q

Phylum arthropoda characteristics

A

Bilateral symmetry, sheddable exoskeleton, segamented body parts, jointed appendages, dorsal blood + open circulatory system, and ventral nerve cord

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20
Q

Subphylum arthropoda

A

Spiders– based of number of body regions, legs, and antennae

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21
Q

Plural of phylum

A

Phyla

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22
Q

Subphylum chelicerata

A

Class arachnida (spiders)– no antennae, two body regions, 4 pair legs

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23
Q

Cephalothorax

A

Fused head and thorax abdomen

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24
Q

Subphylum crustacea

A

Crustations, mostly marine, two body regions: cephalo-thorax and abdomen, 2 pairs of antennae

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25
Cephalo-thorax
Five pairs of legs
26
Ecdysozoan
Animals that secrete external ecoskeletons-- ancestors of insects
27
Subphylum hexapoda
Insects-- six legs, three body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae
28
Insects growing from egg to adults can be divided into...
Ametabolous, hemimetabolous, and holometabolous
29
Insect growth
Increase in size (mass and legnth)-- constricted by exoskeleton/shedding (ecdysis)
30
Ecdysis
Shedding exoskeleton
31
Ametabolous/ametamorphosis
Egg->Juvenile->Adult, Exoskeleton will continue to shed even after sexual maturity-- for orders archaeognatha and zygentoma
32
Ametaboly
Adult through ametabolous
33
Archaeognatha
Order-- bristletails
34
Zygentoma
Order-- silverfish
35
Hemimtabolous
(exopterygota insects) egg->nymph->then emergence to adult, adults (majority of the time) do not molt after emergence
36
Instar
Phase between two period of molting in development of an insect larva
37
Hatching is sometimes referred to...
Eclosion
38
Exception of winged adult insect molting...
Ephemeroptera (mayfly)
39
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis can be divided into...
Hemimetabolous (nymphs closely resemble adult, ex: grasshopper) and paurmetabolous (aquatic, develop from egg->naiad->adult, ex:dragonfly)
40
Naiad
Immature insect that has a very different appearance then the respective adult insect (ex: dragonfly)
41
Exopterygota
External (exo) wing (pterygota) developments
42
Holometabolous
egg->larvae->pupae->pharate(clocked adult)->adult (ex: butterfly, mosquito)
43
Endopterygota
Wings (pterygota) develop internally (endo)-- develop inside larvae stage
44
Larva and nymphs can also differ in types of...
Eyes (Hemi: compound eyes, ex: dragonflies, Holo: stemmata eyes, ex: caterpillar)
45
Metamorphosis that is "most successful"...
Holometabolous-- highest number of species
46
Thysanoperta metamorphosis
Thrips-- Insect that has hemi and holometabolous
47
Insect without wings develop through...
Ametabolous (Apterygota) Insects that never evolved wings
48
Insects with wings develop through...
Hemimetabolous/Holometabolous
49
Silurian period
400~ mya, orgin of earlier hexpods (fossilized)-- wingless silverfish-like creatures
50
Devonian period
400> mya-- appearance of wingless insects
51
Mississippian period
320 mya, development of wings
52
Carboniferous period
310 mya, evelopment of wing flexion mechanisms
53
Pennsylvanian period
300 mya, development of metamorphosis
54
Periods in order
Devonian> Mississippian> Carboniferous> Pennsylvanian
55
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history
56
Wings are a distinct trait in...
most insects-- their presence and structure help classify
57
Subphlyum hexapoda is sometimes considered a...
Superclass
58
Paleoptera
"Old wing" (paleo-old, ptera-wing)-- inability to fold wings
59
Paleoptera orders
Ephemeroptera and odonata
60
Neoptera
New wing-- folds back (ex: fly, beetles)
61
Infraclass
Subgroup of insects ability to fold their sings back across the abdomen
62
Modern classification system developed through...
European exploration-- discovered large amount of new insects
63
Taxonomy before binomial nomeclature
Were long latin descriptions of the animals
64
Catalogs naming system
1700s~, first modern simplified naming system, based on phylogeny
65
Species are...
Indviduals/populations that are capable of breeding and producing fertile offsprings-- are reproductively isolated from groups (natural conditions) ex: behaviors, morphology, etc
66
Main way of describing species is based on...
Morphological characters
67
Morphological species concept (MSC)
(NOT the definition of a species) Species are the smallest group that is considered distinct/different from others
68
Importance of classifcation
Communication and understanding of new/old relationships between organisms
69
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
Standardized classification code for all animals-- ICZN "polices" naming, written in legal language
70
Steps in formally naming species
1) Identify species who's morphology/behavior is different enough 2) Have species described 3) Description must be reviewed by authorities 4) Must be published (ex: scientific journal-- thesis/dissertations dont count)
71
Binomial nomenclature format
Both genus and species are italicized (computer) or underlined (written)
72
Type specimens
The specimens used when scientists publish scientific names to recognize new species
73
Insect types
Holotype, paratype, paralectotype, neotype, topotype, syntype, lectotype, cotype, and allotype
74
Holotype
Single specimen designated by the describer of the species at the time of publication of the original description that best represents the species
75
Paratype
Specimens examined while carrying out work-- similar but different species as type
76
Neotype
Specimen designated to replace the holotype if the latter can be documented as lost/destroyed
77
Topotype
Specimens collected from the same locality-- no official taxonomic standing because specimen is collected from 1000s of miles away
78
Syntype
A specimens in a series of equal rank used to describe new species w/ no specified holotype
79
Lectotype
Single specimen selected from a group of syntypes and is designated as the name-bearing type
80
Paralectotype
Type of specimens remaining after a lectotype is designated
81
Cotype
No longer used-- formerly used for syntype or paratype
82
Allotype
A designated specimen of opposite sex of holotype
83
How long it takes for a scientific journal to be reviewed...
6 months to a year
84
Credit of finding/naming a species goes to...
whoever publishes the species and description first
85
Parenthesis around the authors name in a specie's name means...
the species has been transferred to a different genus
86
If the same species is named twice then...
The name published first will be the official name
87
How do you keep up with scientific name changes?
Biological abstracts, zoological records, or scientific journals about taxonomy (ex: catalogue of life, zoobank)
88
Germ Layers
Group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as embryo develop
89
Micropyle
Positioned to recieve sperm from spermatheca
90
Insect egg parts
Micropyle, nucleus, vitelline membrane, chorion, and yolk sphere
91
Chorion
The outermost of the two membranes that completely envelop a fetus
92
The chorion of the egg can be...
ornate (have different patterns)-- varies based on habitat
93

Insect Biology (3 decks)

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