Exam 2

Question 1

Excretion

Answer 1

Waste that have been metabolized by cells

Question 2

Defecation

Answer 2

Wastes that have passed through digestive system, mouth->anus

Question 3

Frass

Answer 3

Defecation of insects– products are passed through alimentary canal and malpighian tubules

Question 4

Digestable food for insects

Answer 4

Proteins (into amino acids), lipids, carbohydrates, and ions (Na, K, Cl)

Question 5

Gains during metabolisim

Answer 5

Metabolic, food, drinking

Question 6

Loss during during metabolism

Answer 6

Cuticular, fecal, spiracular

Question 7

A major consideration when discussing excretion systems is..

Answer 7

Water balance

Question 8

Control of water metabolism is achieved by…

Answer 8

Diet and habitat

Question 9

Habitat determines… (water conversation)

Answer 9

type of structure for renal system and nitrogenous waste

Question 10

Darkling beetles water conservation

Answer 10

Extremely dry– has waxes on epicuticle and body positions to condense water from humid air

Question 11

Mealworms water conservation

Answer 11

Extremely dry– Cryptonephric systems (allows for reabsorption of water and absorption of atmospheric water)

Question 12

Stonefly water conservation

Answer 12

Extremely wet– always in water

Question 13

Hindgut overview (renal system)

Answer 13

Maintains homeostatis, two main interacting parts: malphian tublues and hindgut rectal pads

Question 14

Hindgut renal parts

Answer 14

Ileum, malpighian tubules, pyloric valve, colon, rectum

Question 15

Renal system insects

Answer 15

Maintains homeostasis in the hemolymph (“blood”) by controlling levels of water and salt

Question 16

Malpighian tublues function

Answer 16

Purify the hemolymph of waste and toxins, maintaining homeostasis– primary excretion organ

Question 17

Malpighian tubules was originally described by…

Answer 17

Marcello Malpighi

Question 18

Malpighain tubules are… (structure)

Answer 18

blind tubes that outgrowths the alimentary canal– positon marks junction of midgut and hindgut, not lined with intime, considered apart of hindgut

Question 19

Intima

Answer 19

Cuticular layer that lines the foregut and hindgut of the alimentary canal

Question 20

In some insects the Malpighian tubules have…

Answer 20

muscles

Question 21

Alimentary canal

Answer 21

A long tube of organs that food travels through from the mouth to the anus

Question 22

Malpighian tublues create (movement)…

Answer 22

a withering movement which improves fluid contact, aid of matieral movement, and mixing hemocoel content

Question 23

Heomcoel

Answer 23

Main body cavity of an insect

Question 24

Which insects have Malpighian tubules?

Answer 24

Majority insects– additionally myriapods, arachnids, and tardigrades

Question 25

Insects without Malpighian tublues

Answer 25

Aphids-- lost secondarily

Question 26

Malpighian tubules produce...

Answer 26

filtrate/urine

Question 27

MT process

Answer 27

Unselective removal of substance from hemolymph through active transport-> final product is primary urine

Question 28

Active transport in MT (Ions)

Answer 28

Ions (K+ and Na) and cross cell membrane which creates osmotic gradient (water sugars and amino acids follow)

Question 29

Active transport MT (non-metabolizable)

Answer 29

Occurs in some amino acids and toxic compounds

Question 30

MT removes

Answer 30

Excess dietary components (specific undigestible ions/extra nutrients), Nitrogenous wastes from metabolism, toxin products from plant defenses, pesticides, etc.

Question 30

Insect nitrogenous wastes

Answer 30

Amino acids, nephrocytes

Question 31

Carbohydrates and lipids waste

Answer 31

Energy captures as ATP (lots of CO2 and H2O left over)-- excess is stored

Question 32

Protein waste

Answer 32

Converted into gulcose, glycogen, or fat-- leaves behind nitrogenous waste (toxic)

Question 33

Protiens

Answer 33

Long chains of amino acids/polypeptides-- structural proteins or enzymes that catalyze biochemical processes

Question 34

Converation of nitrogenous waste

Answer 34

Nitrogenous waste to molecules that minimize toxicity (some animals can do the same)

Question 35

Types of Nitrogenous wastes

Answer 35

Uric acid (terrestrial insects), urea (mammals), ammonia (aquatic organisms/calliphoridae)

Question 36

Calliphoridae

Answer 36

Family of dipulra

Question 37

Insect waste product excreted by... (terrestrial)

Answer 37

White dry powder-- since they need to conserve water

Question 38

Insects waste product excreted by... (aquatic)

Answer 38

Clear fluid (excess water) due to needing to converse ions due to osmosis

Question 39

Conversion process required a lot of...

Answer 39

energy

Question 40

Ammonia is ____ toxic

Answer 40

extremely

Question 41

Urea is ____ toxic

Answer 41

moderately

Question 42

Uric acid is ____ toxic

Answer 42

non-

Question 43

Amino acid structure

Answer 43

Amine group, central carbon, r group, carboxyl group--> forms polypeptide chain

Question 44

Demination

Answer 44

Break down of amino acids to amine group (waste product) and carboxyl group

Question 45

Ammonia with aquatic insects

Answer 45

Highly toxic but insects in aqueous environments can easily get rid of ammonia/live with ammonia

Question 46

Ammonia is ___ in water

Answer 46

soluble (can cross cell membranes easily)

Question 47

Terrestrial organisms unable to carry enough ____ to dilute ammonia

Answer 47

water

Question 48

Toxicity of Ammonia can be reduced by converting to ___

Answer 48

Urea

Question 49

Uric acid qualities

Answer 49

Low toxicity, insoluble in water, required more energy-- can be removed with minimal water or retained in the body

Question 50

Hind gut recycling

Answer 50

Water and ion absorption from urine and feces, cyptonephridial system for water conservation

Question 51

Cryptonephridial system

Answer 51

Absorb water from atmospheric hind gut **?

Question 52

Hindgut three compartments

Answer 52

Ileum, colon, and rectum