Exam 1 Flashcards
Atoms
small microscopic particles that are the building blocks of ordinary matter
Molecules
substances formed when 2+ atoms come together
Solid Matter
stone or molecules pack closely together in fixed locations
- atoms and molecules vibrate but do not move past each other
- fixed volume, rigid shape
Liquid Matter
atoms or molecules pack as close as in solid matter
—> but nice relative to each other
- fixed volume, not fixed shape
Gaseous Matter
atoms or molecules have a lot of space between them
- free to move relative to another
- compressible
pure substance
matter made up of only one component, and its composition is invariant (it does not vary from one sample to another)
compounds (H2O) or elements (He)
mixture
composed of two or more components in proportions that can vary from one sample to another
heterogeneous or homogeneous
element
cannot be chemically broken down into a smaller substance
e.g. helium
compound
substance composed of two or more elements (in this case, hydrogen and oxygen) in a fixed, definite proportion
e.g. H2O
heterogeneous mixture
atoms or molecules within them not mixed uniformly
e.g. wet sand
homogeneous mixture
uniform compositions because the atoms or molecules that compose them mix uniformly
e.g. sweet tea
Cathode Ray Experiment
by JJ Thomson
discovered electron and mass to change ratio
air inside apparatus (partially evacuated chamber) subject to high voltage cathode ray from cathode (negative charge electrode) to anode (positive charge electrode)
–> affinity to positive charge
f orbital
bottom of periodic table, starts with n=4
l = 3
ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
s orbital
left side, start with hydrogen
sphere shape
s=0, ml = 0
p orbital
2 lobes, far right of periodic table
starts with n=2
l = 1
ml = -1, 0, 1
d orbital
middle of periodic table, 4 lobes or 2 lobes with donut
starts with n=3
l = 2
ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
alkali metals
group 1A , lose 1 e-
alkaline earth metals
group 2A, form alkaline solution, most lose 2 e-
metalloids
mixed properties, semi conductors
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At
next to these are nonmetals
halogens
group 7A, reactive nonmetals
gain 1 e-
noble gases
group 8A, unreactive
ionic bond
oppositely charged ions
name of metal (cation) + base name of anion (nonmetal) + -ide
Variable Changing Ionic Bonds
usually transition metals
name of cation (metal) + (charge of cation in roman numeral) + base name of anion (nonmetal) + -ide
Pb
lead
