Exam 1

Question 1

what are the levels of organization from biggest to smallest?

Answer 1

Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelles, molecules, atoms

Question 2

what is a zygote?

Answer 2

fertilized oocyte (egg)

Question 3

define cytology

Answer 3

study of cell structure and organization

Question 4

what are the basic functions of life?

Answer 4

manufacture proteins/lipids, produce and use energy, communicate with other cells, replicate DNA, reproduce

Question 5

what do ribosomes do?

Answer 5

manufacture proteins

Question 6

what is the difference between metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism?

Answer 6

catabolism - break down
anabolism - build up
metabolism - sum of physical/chemical processes

Question 7

what does the Endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 7

manufactures steroids, cholesterol and other lipids, proteins, and detoxifies alcohol etc.

Question 8

what do lysosomes do?

Answer 8

digest and dispose of worn-out organelles

Question 9

define histology

Answer 9

study of structure and function of tissues

Question 10

purpose and location of connective tissue

Answer 10

bind, support, protect, fill space, store fat. Distributed throughout the body in blood, bone, cartilage, and fat.

Question 11

purpose and location of epithelial tissue

Answer 11

protect, secrete, absorb, and excrete. Covers the body, covers and lines internal organs, composes glands.

Question 12

purpose and location of muscle tissue

Answer 12

movement. attaches to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs, and in the heart.

Question 13

purpose and location of nervous tissue

Answer 13

transmits impulses for coordination, sensory reception, and motor actions. in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Question 14

excrete vs secrete?

Answer 14

excrete - to pass waste products of metabolism out of the body
secrete - to produce a chemical substance in a cell and release it

Question 15

what are the cells that make up bone tissue?

Answer 15

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

Question 16

define osteoblast

Answer 16

deposits the bone matrix in a concentric pattern around a blood vessel.

Question 17

define osteocyte

Answer 17

former osteoblasts that maintain the bone matrix

Question 18

define osteoclasts

Answer 18

dissolves the bone matrix to release calcium and phosphate into the blood when chemicals are needed elsewhere

Question 19

define cartilage. where is it? what is it made of?

Answer 19

flexible and rubbery, found where two bones meet to form a joint. also makes ears, nose, and larynx. heals poorly

Question 20

define ligament. what cell makes these?

Answer 20

strips or bands of fibrous connective tissue. fibroblasts align collagen fibers.

Question 21

define tendon

Answer 21

strong ligament that attaches to bone

Question 22

what is a joint capsule?

Answer 22

encloses the joint cavity. made of thin collagenous fibrous connective tissues. lined by synovial membrane and secretes synovial fluid that makes movement friction-free

Question 23

list the major organs and functions of the integumentary system

Answer 23

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands. protects tissues, regulates body temperatures, support sensory receptors.

Question 24

list the major organs and functions of the skeletal system

Answer 24

bones, ligaments, cartilages, tendons. provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts

Question 25

list the major organs and functions of the muscular system

Answer 25

muscles. cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat

Question 25

list the major organs and functions of the endocrine system

Answer 25

glands that secrete hormones: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus. controls metabolic activities of organs and structures

Question 25

list the major organs and functions of the nervous system

Answer 25

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs. detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands

Question 25

list the major organs and functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 25

heart, blood vessels. moves blood and transports substances through body

Question 25

list the major organs and functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 25

lymph vessels and nodes, thymus, spleen. return tissue fluid to blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend body against infection

Question 26

list the major organs and functions of the respiratory system

Answer 26

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. control intake and output of air, exchange gases between air and blood

Question 26

list the major organs and functions of the digestive system

Answer 26

mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines. receive, break down, and absorb food, eliminate unabsorbed material

Question 27

list the major organs and functions of the urinary system

Answer 27

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. removes wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and transport urine.

Question 28

list the major organs and functions of the male reproductive system

Answer 28

scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis. produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract, secrete male hormones.

Question 29

list the major organs and functions of the female reproductive system

Answer 29

ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva. produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, function in birth process, secrete female hormones.

Question 30

define chondroblast and chondrocyte

Answer 30

chondroblast - cartilage forming cell chondrocyte - cartilage cell

Question 31

define synovia

Answer 31

the fluid in the joint

Question 32

define epigenetics

Answer 32

chemical compounds that become added to single genes that regulate their activities. Can be inherited

Question 33

define cytogenetics

Answer 33

study of chromosomal abnormalities to determine a cause for developmental delay, mental retardation, birth defects, and dysmorphic features.

Question 34

define dysmorphic feature

Answer 34

possessing a developmental structural defect

Question 35

define gene therapy

Answer 35

mutated gene is replaced with a healthy copy

Question 36

human organism from conception to end of eighth week

Answer 36

embryo

Question 37

human organism from end of eighth week to birth

Answer 37

fetus

Question 38

therapeutic definition

Answer 38

curing or capable of curing a disorder or disease